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第十六章 论善行 Of Good Works


(第十五章三节-十六章:真悔改的七要素、善行)

一、只有神在祂的圣道中所命令的才是善行(弥6:8罗12:2来13:21)。在神的吩咐之外,出于人盲目的热心、或以任何善意为借口的行为,并非善行(太15:9赛29:13彼前1:18约16:2罗10:2撒上15:21-23申10:12-13西2:16-17,20-23)。

Good works are only such as God hath commanded in His holy Word, and not such as, without the warrant thereof, are devised by men out of blind zeal, or upon any pretense of good intention.

解读:

  • 善行的定义:「只有神在祂的圣道中所命令的才是善行」。所以,「不要效法这个世界,只要心意更新而变化,叫你们察验何为神的善良、纯全、可喜悦的旨意」(罗12:2),愿神「在各样善事上成全你们,叫你们遵行祂的旨意;又借着耶稣基督在你们心里行祂所喜悦的事」(来13:21)。
  • 罗马天主教的教导:行为者的善意可以使神没有吩咐的事成为善行。但先知撒母耳曾责备扫罗王:「耶和华喜悦燔祭和平安祭,岂如喜悦人听从祂的话呢?听命胜于献祭;顺从胜于公羊的脂油」(撒上15:22)。这表明:人的善意并不能使一件事成为善行。主耶稣也斥责法利赛人自创礼仪,以为能以此使神喜悦:「他们将人的吩咐当作道理教导人,所以拜我也是枉然」(太15:9)。
  • 神的圣道没有吩咐、也没有禁止的事,既不是善行、也不是罪。
  • 凡是热心的基督徒,都应当谨慎思想本节的证明经文,免得用肉体代替圣灵。

二、这些顺服神诫命而行的善行,乃是又真又活的信心所结的果子和证据(雅2:18,22)——信徒借此表达他们的感恩(诗116:12-14西3:15-17彼前2:9),坚固他们的确据(约壹2:3,5彼后1:5-10),造就他们的弟兄(林后9:2太5:16提前4:12),尊荣对福音的认信(多2:5,9-12提前6:1),堵住敌人的口(彼前2:15),归荣耀给神(彼前2:12腓1:11约15:8)——他们原是祂的工作,在基督耶稣里造成的(弗2:10),以致他们结出成圣的果子,可得永生的结局(罗6:22)。

These good works, done in obedience to God’s commandments, are the fruits and evidences of a true and lively faith: and by them believers manifest their thankfulness, strengthen their assurance, edify their brethren, adorn the profession of the gospel, stop the mouths of the adversaries, and glorify God, whose workmanship they are, created in Christ Jesus thereunto, that, having their fruit unto holiness, they may have the end, eternal life.

解读:

  1. 善行是「真实且活泼的信心所结出的果子和证据」,证实了人得救的信心(雅2:18)。因此,善行虽非功德,但却是绝对必须的。
  2. 善行是向神的感恩:「惟有你们是被拣选的族类,是有君尊的祭司,是圣洁的国度,是属神的子民,要叫你们宣扬那召你们出黑暗入奇妙光明者的美德」(彼前2:9)。
  3. 善行能增强信徒得救的确信:「我们若遵守他的诫命,就晓得是认识祂」(约壹2:3)。
  4. 善行能造就弟兄:「你们的热心激动了许多人」(林后9:2)。
  5. 善行能尊荣对福音的认信:「以致凡事尊荣我们救主神的道」(多2:10)。
  6. 善行能堵住敌人的口:「因为神的旨意原是要你们行善,可以堵住那糊涂无知人的口」(彼前2:15)。
  7. 善行能荣耀神:「你们在外邦人中,应当品行端正,叫那些毁谤你们是作恶的,因看见你们的好行为,便在鉴察的日子归荣耀给神」(彼前2:12)。

三、他们行善的能力并非出于自己,而完全是出于基督的灵(约15:4-6罗8:4-14结36:26-27)。为了使他们能够行善,在他们已经领受的诸般恩典之外,还需要同一位圣灵的实际影响运行在他们里面,叫他们立志行事、成就祂的美意(腓2:13;4:13林后3:5弗3:16);然而,他们不可因此疏忽懈怠,以为若非圣灵的特别感动,就无需尽任何本分;反倒应当殷勤激发神在他们里面的恩典(腓2:12来6:11-12彼后1:3,5,10-11赛64:7提后1:6徒26:6-7犹20-21)。

Their ability to do good works is not at all of themselves, but wholly from the Spirit of Christ. And that they may be enabled thereunto, besides the graces they have already received, there is required an actual influence of the same Holy Spirit to work in them to will and to do of His good pleasure; yet are they not hereupon to grow negligent, as if they were not bound to perform any duty unless upon a special motion of the Spirit; but they ought to be diligent in stirring up the grace of God that is in them.

解读:

  • 信徒行善的能力完全出于基督的灵。主耶稣宣告:「因为离了我,你们就不能做什么」(约15:5b)。保罗也见证:「并不是我们凭自己能承担什么事;我们所能承担的,乃是出于神」(林后3:5)。
  • 伯拉纠派、罗马天主教与亚米念主义的教导与此相反。
  • 这一教义不是懒惰的借口,也不可把善行简化为人的义务。

四、那些在顺服上达到今生可能的最高境界的人,远不能积累额外的功德、超过神所要求的,反而远不及他们所当尽的本分(路17:10尼13:22罗8:21-25加5:17)。

They, who in their obedience, attain to the greatest height which is possible in this life, are so far from being able to supererogate and to do more than God requires, that they fall short of much which in duty they are bound to do.

五、我们最好的善行,也不能使我们配从神的手中得着赦罪或永生,因为它们与将来的荣耀之间极不相称;因为我们与神之间的无限差距,我们凭善行既不能使祂受益、也不能补偿我们以前的罪债(罗3:20;4:2,4,6弗2:8-9多3:5-7罗8:18诗16:2伯22:2-3;35:7-8);就算我们尽力而为,也只是尽了本分,并且是无用的仆人(路17:10)——因为善行之所以为善,是因从神的灵发出(罗8:13-14加5:22-23);而它们又是经我们行出来的,所以被诸多软弱和不完全所玷污和搀杂,以致经不起神审判的严格(赛64:6加5:17罗7:15,18诗143:2;130:3)。

We cannot, by our best works, merit pardon of sin, or eternal life, at the hand of God, because of the great disproportion that is between them and the glory to come, and the infinite distance that is between us and God, whom by them we can neither profit, nor satisfy for the debt of our former sins; but when we have done all we can, we have done but our duty, and are unprofitable servants: and because, as they are good, they proceed from His Spirit; and as they are wrought by us, they are defiled and mixed with so much weakness and imperfection that they cannot endure the severity of God’s judgment.

解读:

  • 罗马天主教的教导:行为者可以把那些多余的,不需用于得救的功德,储存在功德库里,以赦罪券的形式转卖给其他人。这个教义完全与圣经背道而驰,因为我们的善行完全没有任何功德可言。
  • 只有圣徒、没有圣人,信徒要警惕因行善而产生的道德优越感。

六、尽管如此,信徒本人既在基督里蒙接纳,他们的善行也在祂里面蒙接纳(弗1:6彼前2:5出28:38创4:4来11:4)。这并不是说,他们今生在神眼中好像是毫无瑕疵、无可指摘的(伯9:20诗143:2);而是说,祂既在祂儿子里看待他们,就乐意接纳并赏赐那些真诚的善行,尽管其中包含许多软弱和不完全(来13:20-21林后8:12来6:10太25:21,23林前3:14;4:5)。

Notwithstanding, the persons of believers being accepted through Christ, their good works also are accepted in Him, not as though they were in this life wholly unblamable and unreprovable in God’s sight; but that He, looking upon them in His Son, is pleased to accept and reward that which is sincere, although accompanied with many weaknesses and imperfections.

解读:

  •  善行虽非功德,但仍然蒙神的悦纳,神也向行善者施恩。这是因为信徒的善行是基督里蒙接纳。
  • 信徒行善所得的赏赐其实是神的恩赐,因此我们不应该自夸,更不应该把赏赐作为行善的主要动机。行善的主要动机应该是出于对神的感恩之心(林后5:14)。

七、未重生者所行的事,虽然它们本身可能是神所命令的,对己对人都有益处(王下10:30-31王上21:27,29路6:32-34;18:2-7罗13:4);但是,因为它们不是出于被信心洁净的心(来11:4,6创4:3-5),也没有按照圣道、以正确的方式去做(林前13:3赛1:12),更不是为了荣耀神的正当目的(太6:2,5,16林前10:31);所以它们都是有罪的,既不能取悦神,也不能使人配受神的恩典(箴21:27该2:14多1:15摩5:21-22可7:6-7何1:4罗9:16多3:5)。但是,人若忽视它们,更是有罪、更令神不悦(诗14:4;36:3伯21:14,15太25:41-45;23:23罗1:21-32)。

Works done by unregenerate men, although for the matter of them they may be things which God commands, and of good use both to themselves and others; yet, because they proceed not from a heart purified by faith; nor are done in a right manner, according to the Word; nor to a right end, the glory of God; they are therefore sinful and cannot please God, or make a man meet to receive grace from God. And yet their neglect of them is more sinful, and displeasing unto God.

解读:

  • 行为不能和行事的人分开,神眼中的善行必须具备三个要素:
    1. 是否「出于被信心洁净的心」,动机本于祂(罗11:36)。
    2. 是否「按照圣道、以正确的方式去做」,方法倚靠祂(罗11:36)。
    3. 是否是「为了荣耀神的正当目的」,结果归于祂(罗11:36)。
  • 这个教义否定了因爱称义、普救论。
  • 罗马天主教的教导:未重生者所行的事,可以完全没有罪的污染,所以可以从神那里赢得功德。