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第二十章 论基督徒的自由与良心的自由 Of Christian Liberty, and Liberty of Conscience


(第十九-二十章:律法和自由)

一、基督为福音之下的信徒所买赎的自由包括:脱离了罪的罪债、神定罪的忿怒、道德律的咒诅(多2:14帖前1:10加3:13);又把他们从现今这个邪恶的世界、撒但的捆绑、罪恶的辖制(加1:4西1:13徒26:18罗6:14)、苦难的煎熬、死亡的毒钩、阴间的得胜和永远的定罪中救拔出来(罗8:28诗119:71林后4:15-18林前15:54-57罗5:9;8:1帖前1:10);也使他们得以自由地接近神(罗5:1-2),不是出于奴仆的恐惧顺服祂,而是由于儿女般的爱和愿意的心(罗8:14-15约壹4:18)。所有这一切,也是律法之下的信徒所共有的(加3:8-9,14罗4:6-8林前10:3-4来11:1-40);但在新约之下,基督徒的自由更加扩大,摆脱了犹太教会所服从的礼仪律之轭(加4:1-7;5:1徒15:10-11);与律法之下的信徒通常所享有的相比,他们更加坦然无惧地进到施恩宝座前(来4:14-16;10:19-22)、与神的自由之灵更充分地交通(约7:38-39徒2:17-18林后3:8,13,17-18耶31:31-34)。

The liberty which Christ hath purchased for believers under the gospel consists in their freedom from the guilt of sin, the condemning wrath of God, the curse of the moral law; and in their being delivered from this present evil world, bondage to Satan, and dominion of sin, from the evil of afflictions, the sting of death, the victory of the grave, and everlasting damnation; as also in their free access to God, and their yielding obedience unto Him, not out of slavish fear, but a childlike love, and a willing mind. All which were common also to believers under the law; but under the New Testament the liberty of Christians is further enlarged in their freedom from the yoke of the ceremonial law, to which the Jewish church was subjected; and in greater boldness of access to the throne of grace, and in fuller communications of the free Spirit of God, than believers under the law did ordinarily partake of.

解读:

  • 在日常生活中,英文的guilt 与sin、guilty与transgression往往是同义词。但在神学里,「有罪 guilty」通常是指拉丁文的「责任 rectus」,「guilt」通常指犯罪带来的「责任 liability」,也就是因罪的缘故、对神的审判负责,所以在本信条中被译为「罪债」。
  • 基督徒的自由包括否定性和肯定性两类,比旧约信徒享有的更优越。

二、唯独神才是良心的主宰(雅4:12罗14:4,10林前10:29),祂使良心不受在信仰或敬拜方面与祂的圣道相悖、或在圣道之外的属人的教义和戒律的束缚(徒4:19;5:29林前7:22-23太15:1-6;23:8-10林后1:24太15:9)。因此,相信这样的教义,或者出于良心遵守这样的戒律,就是背叛良心的真自由(西2:20-23加1:10;2:4-5;4:9-10;5:1);要求默从的信心,以及绝对的盲从,就是摧毁良心的自由和理性(罗10:17赛8:20徒17:11约4:22启13:12,16-17耶8:9彼前2:16)。

God alone is Lord of the conscience, and hath left it free from the doctrines and commandments of men which are in any thing contrary to His Word, or beside it in matters of faith or worship. So that to believe such doctrines, or to obey such commandments out of conscience, is to betray true liberty of conscience; and the requiring an implicit faith, and an absolute and blind obedience, is to destroy liberty of conscience, and reason also.

解读:

  • 唯独神才是良心的主宰:只有神有权支配人的良心,而我们的良心也必须唯独顺服祂的权威,而非属人的传统或教义。
  • 束缚良心的例子:必须遵守某种圣经没有规定的仪式,必须守弥撒才能得救,必须学完某些课程才能得救,必须戒烟才算得救等等。
  • 默从的信心/默信 implicit faith:指天主教会说什么,心里默默相信就行,不必完全明白。

三、 凡以基督徒的自由为借口犯下任何罪行,或怀有任何恶欲的人,恰恰是破坏基督徒自由的目的;因为我们从仇敌手中被救出来,是为了叫我们可以一生在主面前,坦然无惧地用圣洁、公义来事奉祂(加5:13彼前2:16彼后2:19罗6:15约8:34路1:74-75)。

They who, upon pretense of Christian liberty, do practice any sin, or cherish any lust, do thereby destroy the end of Christian liberty; which is, that, being delivered out of the hands of our enemies, we might serve the Lord without fear, in holiness and righteousness before Him, all the days of our life.

解读:

  • 基督徒的自由不是摆脱神所启示的道德律:而像鱼在水中自由遨游,脱离水就会死亡。
  • 放纵私欲就是破坏基督徒的真自由:神拯救我们,是为了叫我们可以自由地事奉祂。以色列人出埃及得自由是为了事奉神(出20:1-2)。罪就是违背神的律法(约壹3:4),信徒从罪的捆绑中得自由,必然会得着顺服律法的能力(结36:27耶31:33)。所以对于真信徒而言,「祂的诫命不是难守的」(约壹5:3)。

四、并且,因为神的意思不是要叫祂所命定的权柄与基督所买赎的自由互相毁坏,而是使二者互相维持、彼此保守;所以,凡以基督徒的自由之名反对民事的、或教会的任何合乎律法的权柄、或合乎律法的执行,都是抗拒神的命令(彼前2:13-14,16罗13:1-8来13:17帖前5:12-13)。并且,如果他们发表这类意见,或坚持这类做法,若违反自然之光,或违反基督教关于信仰、敬拜或言行的已知原则,或违反敬虔的实意,或这类错谬的意见和做法无论在其本质、还是在发表和坚持的方式上,都有损基督在教会中建立的外在平安与秩序,他们就可以合乎律法地被追究责任,并受到教会的谴责(罗1:32林前5:1,5,11-13约贰10-11帖后3:6,14提前6:3-4多1:10-11,13-14;3:10罗16:17太18:15-17提前1:19-20启2:2,14-15,20)。

And because the powers which God hath ordained, and the liberty which Christ hath purchased, are not intended by God to destroy, but mutually to uphold and preserve one another; they who, upon pretence of Christian liberty, shall oppose any lawful power, or the lawful exercise of it, whether it be civil or ecclesiastical, resist the ordinance of God. And, for their publishing of such opinions, or maintaining of such practices, as are contrary to the light of nature, or to the known principles of Christianity, whether concerning faith, worship, or conversation; or, to the power of godliness; or, such erroneous opinions or practices, as either in their own nature, or in the manner of publishing or maintaining them, are destructive to the external peace and order which Christ hath established in the church, they may lawfully be called to account, and proceeded against by the censures of the church.

解读:

  • 教会或政府有权立法,只要不违背神的圣道,就当被遵守:「在上有权柄的,人人当顺服他,因为没有权柄不是出于神的。凡掌权的都是神所命的」(罗13:1)。「你们为主的缘故,要顺服人的一切制度,或是在上的君王,或是君王所派罚恶赏善的臣宰」(彼前2:13-14)。
  • 不遵守合法规则的人,不可以自称行使基督徒的自由:「所以,抗拒掌权的就是抗拒神的命;抗拒的必自取刑罚」(罗13:2),「你们虽是自由的,却不可借着自由遮盖恶毒,总要作神的仆人」(彼前2:16)。
  • 「合法 lawful」在本信条中都是指符合神的律法,而不是符合人的法律,所以译为「合乎律法」。
  • nature这个词在十七、十八世纪的用法非常含糊,有时指人的天然本性,有时指自然界,但这并无矛盾,因为当时人们认为这两者都是神造的。
  • OPC版对本节有修订。