第二十三章 论民事官员 Of the Civil Magistrate
00:00:28一、神是全地至高的主和王,祂为了自己的荣耀和公众的利益,设立了民事官员,使他们在祂自己之下、百姓之上;为此,祂赋予他们刀剑的权柄,用以保护和鼓励行善的、惩罚作恶的(罗13:1-4;彼前2:13-14)。
God, the supreme Lord and king of all the world, hath ordained civil magistrates to be under Him over the people, for His own glory and the public good; and to this end, hath armed them with the power of the sword, for the defense and encouragement of them that are good, and for the punishment of evildoers.
解读:
- 第二十二至三十一章是有关教会论的教义,但却从处理教会与政府之间的关系开始,这与英国内战时期政治和宗教动荡的历史背景有关。本章之前的第二十二章所涉及的宣誓和许愿,既是敬拜的重要部分,也与政府的法律有关。本章之后的第二十四章所涉及的婚姻与离婚,同时涉及政府和教会,因为婚姻既是民事契约、也是属灵盟约。
00:04:27政府权柄的来源:神,具体地说是基督(但7:13-14;腓2:10-11)。虽然世界各国的政府并不顺服基督,罗马帝国政府甚至把基督钉上十字架,但却不削弱基督的王权与主权,即使在教会面临罗马帝国尼禄的逼迫时也是如此。00:06:09政府的目的:为了神自己的荣耀和公众的利益(罗13:3-4a)。00:06:18政府的工具:刀剑的权柄(罗13:4b)。00:07:00教会与政府的关系:参加威斯敏斯特会议的代表有四派人士:英国国教派、长老派、独立派和伊拉斯特派(Erastianism),他们在基本教义方面大都倾向于加尔文改革宗神学立场,但在政教关系和教会治理上的争议很大。在教会与政府的关系上,当时有四种立场:- 双权并列:主张教会与国家都是神所设立的权柄,应该在各自的范围中互不干涉、彼此辅助,共同宣扬基督是全地至高的主和王。这是本信条的立场。
- 政权在上:主张国家有权干预教会事务,教会无权惩戒信徒,所有的惩戒权柄都属于国家。这是英国国教所持的伊拉斯特主义。
- 教权在上:主张教宗是基督的代表,有权要求所有的政府臣服。这是罗马天主教的立场。
- 政教分离:主张政教完全分离。这是重洗派的立场,也是今天许多福音派的立场,但在实践中容易导致否定基督也是国家的王。
00:10:39二、基督徒被呼召接受并执行民事官员的职务,是合乎律法的(创41:39-43;尼12:26;13:15-31;但2:48-49;箴8:15-16;罗13:1-4);在执行职务时,由于他们应该特别根据各国的健全法律维护敬虔、公义与和平(诗2:10-12;提前2:2;诗82:3-4;撒下23:3;彼前2:13),因此,为达成目的,如今在新约之下,他们可以合乎律法地在正义和必要的情况下发动战争(路3:14;罗13:4;太8:9-10;徒10:1-2)。
It is lawful for Christians to accept and execute the office of a magistrate when called thereunto; in the managing whereof, as they ought especially to maintain piety, justice, and peace, according to the wholesome laws of each commonwealth, so, for that end, they may lawfully, now under the New Testament, wage war upon just and necessary occasions.
解读:
- 「合法 lawful」在本信条中都是指符合神的律法,而不是符合人的法律,所以译为「合乎律法」。
00:11:15基督徒被呼召接受并执行民事官员的职务,是合乎律法的:这是为了驳斥重洗派。当时有些人认为基督徒不可以当官,而国家官员也不可以成为教会的成员。但是,但以理、尼希米都是外邦人政府中的官员。作为政府官员的基督徒有责任确保国家制定的法律不抵触神的圣道。00:12:14基督徒可以合乎律法地从事公义之战:百夫长哥尼流受洗后,彼得并没有要求他退伍。施洗约翰也没有要求那些来到他面前的兵丁不再当兵,而是要求他们「不要以强暴待人,也不要讹诈人,自己有钱粮就当知足」(路3:14)。防御性的战争,或是那些先是防御性,后因形势所需,发展为进攻性的战争,都是合法的公义战争。
00:13:31三、民事官员不可擅自宣讲圣道和施行圣礼(代下26:18);或执掌天国钥匙的权柄(太18:17;16:19;林前12:28-29;弗4:11-12;林前4:1-2;罗10:15;来5:4),或任何干涉关乎信仰之事(约18:36;徒5:29;弗4:11-12)。然而,民事官员作为养父,有责任保护我们同一位主的教会,不偏待任何一个基督教宗派,以使所有的教会人士都可以享受充分的、无限制的、无条件的自由,在免受暴力和危险的情况下,履行他们神圣本分的各个方面(赛49:23;罗13:1-6)。并且,既然耶稣基督已经在祂的教会里指定了通用的治理和纪律,任何国家的法律都不应干涉、阻止或妨碍在任何基督教宗派的自愿成员中,根据他们自己的信念正当地行使(诗105:15)。民事官员有责任以有效的方式保护全体人民的人身和名誉,以免任何人借口宗教不同或不信宗教,对任何其他人进行侮辱、暴力、虐待或伤害——又当作出安排,使所有宗教和教会的集会免受骚扰或干扰(罗13:4;提前2:2)。
Civil magistrates may not assume to themselves the administration of the Word and sacraments; or the power of the keys of the kingdom of heaven; or, in the least, interfere in matters of faith. Yet, as nursing fathers, it is the duty of civil magistrates to protect the church of our common Lord, without giving the preference to any denomination of Christians above the rest, in such a manner that all ecclesiastical persons whatever shall enjoy the full, free, and unquestioned liberty of discharging every part of their sacred functions, without violence or danger. And, as Jesus Christ hath appointed a regular government and discipline in His church, no law of any commonwealth should interfere with, let, or hinder, the due exercise thereof, among the voluntary members of any denomination of Christians, according to their own profession and belief. It is the duty of civil magistrates to protect the person and good name of all their people, in such an effectual manner as that no person be suffered, either upon pretense of religion or of infidelity, to offer any indignity, violence, abuse, or injury to any other person whatsoever: and to take order, that all religious and ecclesiastical assemblies be held without molestation or disturbance.
解读:
00:19:15四、人民有责任为民事官员祷告(提前2:1-3),尊敬他们的人格(彼前2:17),向他们纳税并缴纳其他费用(太22:21;罗13:6-7 ),服从他们合乎律法的命令,并为良心的缘故服从他们的权柄(罗13:5;多3:1)。不信宗教或宗教的不同,既不能使民事官员正当与合乎律法的权柄失效,也不免除人民对他们的顺服 (彼前2:13-16)——教会人士也不例外(罗13:1;徒25:9-11;彼后2:1,10-11;犹8-11);教宗更不能在民事官员的领地内对他们或他们的任何人民拥有任何权力或管辖权;更不用说借着把他们判为异教徒、或任何其他借口,剥夺他们的领地或生命了(可10:42-44;太23:8-12;提后2:24;彼前5:3)。
It is the duty of the people to pray for magistrates, to honor their persons, to pay them tribute and other dues, to obey their lawful commands, and to be subject to their authority, for conscience’s sake. Infidelity, or difference in religion, doth not make void the magistrate’s just and legal authority, nor free the people from their obedience to him: from which ecclesiastical persons are not exempted; much less hath the pope any power or jurisdiction over them in their dominions, or over any of their people; and least of all to deprive them of their dominions or lives, if he shall judge them to be heretics, or upon any other pretense whatsoever.
解读: