《威斯敏斯特信条》(中英文版及解读)🔊

英国内战期间(1642-1651年,又称为清教徒革命),忠于宗教改革的清教徒(Puritans)在英格兰议会中占多数。他们立法废除由国王控制的主教制(episcopacy),准备在英格兰教会(圣公会,Anglican Church)实行共和式的长老制,并与持守改革宗教义、实行长老制的苏格兰联盟,所以于1643年开始在伦敦威斯敏斯特教堂召开了一个大型神学会议,前后至少有160位牧师、学者和议员参加,包括11位苏格兰代表。他们在战争中召开了一千多次会议,最终于1646年底完成了《威斯敏斯特信条 The Westminster Confession of Faith》。这一信条内容完整、精确、简洁、平衡,每个句子都经过小组的仔细斟酌和大会的公开辩论,并根据英格兰议会的要求加上了附注经文,是圣道的忠心仆人用生命为一次交付圣徒的真道所作出的不朽见证。

简介

英国内战期间(1642-1651年,又称为清教徒革命),忠于宗教改革的清教徒(Puritans)在英格兰议会中占多数。他们立法废除由国王控制的主教制(episcopacy),准备在英格兰教会(圣公会,Anglican Church)实行共和式的长老制,并与持守改革宗教义、实行长老制的苏格兰联盟,所以于1643年开始在伦敦威斯敏斯特教堂召开了一个大型神学会议,前后至少有160位牧师、学者和议员参加,包括11位苏格兰代表。他们在战争中召开了一千多次会议,最终于1646年底完成了《威斯敏斯特信条 The Westminster Confession of Faith》。这一信条内容完整、精确、简洁、平衡,每个句子都经过小组的仔细斟酌和大会的公开辩论,并根据英格兰议会的要求加上了附注经文,是圣道的忠心仆人用生命为一次交付圣徒的真道所作出的不朽见证。(关于本信条的历史和神学背景,参见The Westminster Assembly: Reading its Theology in Historical Context, by Robert Letham。)

  1660年查理二世复辟以后,英格兰教会很快恢复主教制,《威斯敏斯特信条》就没有在圣公会中实行,反而首先成为苏格兰长老会的信条,并且随着新大陆的移民而传入北美,成为长老会、公理会和浸信会中最有影响力的信条。更多的福音派教会虽然没有正式采用《威斯敏斯特信条》,但却不同程度地采用了该信条的神学和教义。教会史学家斯卡福(Philip Schaff,1819-1893)评论说:「在基督教信条中,就清晰性、深刻性、精确性和全面性而言,没有其他任何信条超越《威斯敏斯特信条》。」美国神学巨匠华腓德(B. B. Warfield,1851-1921年)评论说:「这是人类迄今为止所构建的关于『福音派信仰』最完整、最详尽、最仔细守护、最完美、又最生动的信条;如果我们要福音派信仰在世上持续存在,就必须护卫这个信条。」 (The Significance of the Westminster Standards as a Creed)尽管如此,本信条的作者从不认为任何信条或教会文件具有与圣经同等的权威地位。信徒和教会若想确定神对人所启示的心意,最终必须完全根据圣经所默示的文字、圣子所遗留的典范、圣灵所成就的作为,并通过审慎的查考得知。 

  本信条一共33章,可以分为八个部分:圣经(第一章)、神和祂的作为(第二-五章)、人和罪(第六章)、基督成就救恩(第七-八章)、圣灵施行救恩(第九-十八章)、信徒的生活(第十九-二十四章)、教会的生活(第二十五-三十一章)、末世(第三十二-三十三章)。对于还没有学过系统神学的人,本信条是最好的预备;对于已经学过系统神学的人,本信条是最好的总结。

  本信条目前已经有八个中译本(汤清《韦斯敏斯德信条》,赵中辉《韦斯敏斯德信条》,张重辉《西敏斯特信条》,方镇明《西敏斯特信仰宣言》,王瑞珍、张圣佳《新译西敏信条》,林慈信《威敏斯特信仰告白》,吕沛渊《威斯敏斯特信条》,王志勇《威斯敏斯德信条》),本译本是由加拿大高贵林国语教会(宣道会)于2023年根据证明经文最为全面、精准的美国正信长老会(The Orthodox Presbyterian Church, OPC)1956年版本译成,力求忠于原文、准确易懂,并编写解读、录制讲解。OPC版对1647年版的七处主要修订,均在解读中有说明。

第一章 论圣经 Of the Holy Scripture

00:00:26 前言

00:26:54一、虽然自然之光、创造与护理之工,都足以显示神的良善、智慧和权能,叫人无可推诿(罗2:14-15;1:19-20诗19:1-4罗1:32-2:1);然而它们都不足以提供得救所必需的有关神自己、以及祂旨意的知识(约17:3林前1:21;2:13-14)。因此,主就乐意多次多方地向祂的教会启示祂自己、晓喻祂的旨意(来1:1-2);之后,主鉴于肉体的败坏、撒但与世界的恶意,为了真理能更好地得蒙保全、得以传扬,也为了教会的设立更稳固、安慰更明确,就将这一切都诉诸于文字(路1:3-4罗15:4太4:4,7,10赛8:20);使圣经成为不可或缺(提后3:15彼后1:19);神从前向祂的百姓启示自己旨意的那些方法,如今已经停止了(约20:31林前14:37约壹5:13林前10:11来1:1-2;2:2-4)。

Although the light of nature, and the works of creation and providence, do so far manifest the goodness, wisdom, and power of God, as to leave men inexcusable; yet are they not sufficient to give that knowledge of God, and of His will, which is necessary unto salvation; therefore it pleased the Lord, at sundry times, and in divers manners, to reveal Himself, and to declare that His will unto His church; and afterwards for the better preserving and propagating of the truth, and for the more sure establishment and comfort of the church against the corruption of the flesh, and the malice of Satan and of the world, to commit the same wholly unto writing; which maketh the holy Scripture to be most necessary; those former ways of God’s revealing His will unto His people being now ceased.

解读:

  1. 这是圣经的四大属性之一:必要性。相信圣经的必要性,就要挑战理性主义。
  2. nature这个词在十七、十八世纪的用法非常含糊,有时指人的天然本性,有时指自然界,但并无矛盾,因为当时人们认为这两者都是神造的。
  3. 特殊启示教导人永生之道,人通过特殊启示才能正确理解普遍启示。
  4. 在特殊启示中,既有神的作为,又有神的话语,两者互相解释。
  5. 特殊启示预设了普遍启示,没有普遍启示,就不能理解特殊启示,两者的必要性(Necessity)、权威性(Authority)、足够性(Sufficiency)和清晰性(Perspicuity)都是同等的。特殊启示的独特性,在于它的独特目的:1)引导人正确地解释普遍启示;2)在人类堕落后,纠正人对普遍启示的歪曲;3)启示神在基督里的救赎应许。

00:37:08二、在《圣经》、或「成文之神的道」的名下,包括目前旧约和新约全书的各卷如下:

旧约各卷:《创世记》,《出埃及记》,《利未记》,《民数记》,《申命记》,《约书亚记》,《士师记》,《路得记》,《撒母耳记上》,《撒母耳记下》,《列王纪上》,《列王纪下》,《历代志上》,《历代志下》,《以斯拉记》,《尼希米记》,《以斯帖记》,《约伯记》,《诗篇》,《箴言》,《传道书》,《雅歌》,《以赛亚书》,《耶利米书》,《耶利米哀歌》,《以西结书》,《但以理书》,《何西阿书》,《约珥书》,《阿摩司书》,《俄巴底亚书》,《约拿书》,《弥迦书》,《那鸿书》,《哈巴谷书》,《西番雅书》,《哈该书》,《撒迦利亚书》,《玛拉基书》。

新约各卷:《马太福音》,《马可福音》,《路加福音》,《约翰福音》,《使徒行传》,《罗马书》,《哥林多前书》,《哥林多后书》,《加拉太书》,《以弗所书》,《腓立比书》,《歌罗西书》,《帖撒罗尼迦前书》,《帖撒罗尼迦后书》,《提摩太前书》,《提摩太后书》,《提多书》,《腓利门书》,《希伯来书》,《雅各书》,《彼得前书》,《彼得后书》,《约翰壹书》,《约翰贰书》,《约翰叁书》,《犹大书》,《启示录》。

所有各卷都透过神的默示而成,是人信仰和生活的准则(路16:29,31路24:27,44提后3:15-16约5:46-47)。

Under the name of holy Scripture, or the Word of God written, are now contained all the books of the Old and New Testament, which are these:

Of the Old Testament: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy, Joshua, Judges, Ruth, I Samuel, II Samuel, I Kings, II Kings, I Chronicles, II Chronicles, Ezra, Nehemiah, Esther, Job, Psalms, Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, The Song of Songs, Isaiah, Jeremiah, Lamentations, Ezekiel, Daniel, Hosea, Joel, Amos, Obadiah, Jonah, Micah, Nahum, Habakkuk, Zephaniah, Haggai, Zechariah, Malachi.

Of the New Testament: The Gospels according to Matthew, Mark, Luke, John, The Acts of the Apostles, Paul’s Epistles to the Romans, Corinthians I, Corinthians II, Galatians, Ephesians, Philippians, Colossians, Thessalonians I, Thessalonians II, to Timothy I, to Timothy II, to Titus, to Philemon, The Epistle to the Hebrews, The Epistle of James, The First and Second Epistles of Peter, The First, Second, and Third Epistles of John, The Epistle of Jude, The Revelation.

All which are given by inspiration of God, to be the rule of faith and life.

解读:

  1. 这是圣经正典的清单。
  2.  「the rule of faith and life」也可理解为「信仰和生命的准则」,因为本信条中的大部分的「life」都是指「生命」。但第19章6节「a rule of life」意思是「生活的准则」,所以此处相应地译为「信仰和生活的准则」。
  3. 「默示」原文的意思是「呼吸」。
    • 默示的实质:是神的「呼出」,而不是「呼进」。是「神呼出圣经」,而不是「神呼出圣灵、神借着圣经不断呼吸」(新正统派)。
    • 默示的方式:「逐字默示 verbally inspired」(有机的,但部分是机械性的),而不是「思想默示」、「动力默示」(自由派)。
    • 默示的范围:全部,而不是「部分默示」(新福音派),或者是不是真理不重要(后现代)等等。

00:42:04三、通常被称为旁经的那些书卷,因为并非源于神的默示,不是圣经正典的一部分,所以在神的教会里不具备任何权威,只能被当作人间一般的著作来看待或使用(启22:18-19罗3:2彼后1:21)。

The books commonly called Apocrypha, not being of divine inspiration, are no part of the Canon of Scripture; and therefore are of no authority in the church of God, nor to be any otherwise approved, or made use of, than other human writings.

解读:

  1. 旁经Apocrypha,或称次经Deuterocanonicals,指十五卷只存于七十士译本、不存于希伯来圣经中的希腊文或亚兰文著作,从未被主耶稣或新约圣经引述过。
  2. 东正教承认次经为旧约正典,但只作参考、不作信仰依据。天主教原本不接受次经为正典,但在改教期间于1546年的天特会议将次经纳入旧约正典,并作为信仰依据,以便继续教导为死人祷告、向圣徒祈祷、敬拜天使、炼狱等。
  3. 旁经不同于伪经Pseudepigrapha,伪经的内容与圣经的主要内容相违背或冲突。

00:46:08四、圣经应当被人相信而服从的权威,并非取决于任何个人或教会的见证,而是完全取决于它的作者——本身就是真理的神;所以它必须被接受,因为它就是神的道(彼后1:19-20提后3:16约壹5:9帖前2:13启1:1-2)。

The authority of the holy Scripture, for which it ought to be believed and obeyed, dependeth not upon the testimony of any man or church, but wholly upon God (who is truth itself), the Author thereof; and therefore it is to be received, because it is the Word of God.

解读:

  1. 这是圣经的四大属性之二:权威性。相信圣经的权威性,就要挑战人的自主性。
  2. 这里宣告神是圣经的作者,而不是「圣经部分是神所默示的」。
  3. 这里宣告圣经是「神的道」,而不是「圣经是道的见证、记录;圣经是神留下的痕迹;人可以从圣经里听到神的道」。

00:49:34五、我们或许被教会的见证感动和影响,对圣经生发了崇高的敬意(提前3:15)。固然,圣经属天的内容(林前2:9-10),教义的功效(来4:12),文体的庄严,各部的一致(约10:35),总体的目的(就是将一切荣耀都归给神)(赛55:11罗11:36),人类惟一得救之道的完全揭示(诗19:7-11提后3:15),许多其他无与伦比的卓越之处,以及整体的纯全,都绰绰有余地自证它是神的道;但尽管如此,我们对其无谬无误的真理和神圣权威的完全信服和确据,是来自圣灵的内在工作,祂借着圣道、并和圣道一同在我们心中作见证(林前2:4-5帖前1:5约壹2:20,27赛59:21)。

We may be moved and induced by the testimony of the Church to an high and reverent esteem of the holy Scripture; and the heavenliness of the matter, the efficacy of the doctrine, the majesty of the style, the consent of all the parts, the scope of the whole (which is to give all glory to God), the full discovery it makes of the only way of man’s salvation, the many other incomparable excellencies, and the entire perfection thereof, are arguments whereby it doth abundantly evidence itself to be the Word of God; yet, notwithstanding, our full persuasion and assurance of the infallible truth and divine authority thereof, is from the inward work of the Holy Spirit, bearing witness by and with the Word in our hearts.

解读:

  1. 圣经的启示是一贯的,不但是渐进的、也是前后一致的,不能把不同的书卷、文体之间在真理内容上对立起来。
  2. 圣经的无谬无误是权威性的一部分。infallible与inerrant是同义词,1970年代以后才予以区分,用「无谬 infallible」表示既不误导人、也不被误导的特性,「无误 inerrant」表示毫无虚假或错误的特性。自由派、新正统神学、新福音派都不承认圣经无误。
  3. 基督对旧约的见证是圣灵内证的重要部分,但不是全部;圣灵和圣道一同在人心中作见证,而新正统神学则不认为圣经是神的道。

00:57:22六、有关神自己的荣耀、人的得救、信心、生命所必需之事的全备旨意,若非已经通过圣经明确地说明,就是可以从圣经推导出合理且必要的结论:人无论何时,都不得把圣灵的新启示和人的传统加进圣经里(提后3:16-17加1:8,9帖后2:2)。然而,我们承认,圣灵的内在光照对于救赎性理解圣道所揭示的这些事是必要的(约6:45林前2:12,14-15弗1:18林后4:6)。至于某些关于敬拜神和治理教会的处境,与人类的行为和社团有相通之处,应该凭借自然之光和基督徒的谨慎,按照我们始终遵守的圣道通则来决定(林前11:13-14;14:26,40)。

The whole counsel of God, concerning all things necessary for His own glory, man’s salvation, faith, and life, is either expressly set down in Scripture, or by good and necessary consequence may be deduced from Scripture: unto which nothing at any time is to be added, whether by new revelations of the Spirit, or traditions of men. Nevertheless we acknowledge the inward illumination of the Spirit of God to be necessary for the saving understanding of such things as are revealed in the Word; and that there are some circumstances concerning the worship of God, and the government of the church, common to human actions and societies, which are to be ordered by the light of nature and Christian prudence, according to the general rules of the Word, which are always to be observed.

解读:

  1. 这是圣经的四大属性之三:完备性或足够性。相信圣经的足够性,就要反对宗派主义 (sectarianism)。
  2. 不可倚靠道德哲学、市场管理学、心理学、所谓「圣灵的新启示」、中世纪的人为传统等等。
  3. 圣经不只向人的理性说话,也向人的心灵说话。
  4. nature这个词在十七、十八世纪的用法非常含糊,有时指人的天然本性,有时指自然界,但这并无矛盾,因为当时人们认为这两者都是神造的。

01:02:14 七、圣经所载各事并非本身都同样浅白,也并非对所有的人都同样清晰(彼后3:16);但那些为了得救所必须知道、相信和遵行的事,却总在圣经的此处或彼处被清楚提及、公开论及,以致无论有学问的、无学问的人,只要适当使用一般的方法,就都能获得充分的理解(诗119:105,130申29:29;30:10-14徒17:11)。

All things in Scripture are not alike plain in themselves, nor alike clear unto all; yet those things which are necessary to be known, believed, and observed, for salvation, are so clearly propounded and opened in some place of Scripture or other, that not only the learned, but the unlearned, in a due use of the ordinary means, may attain unto a sufficient understanding of them.

解读:

  1. 这是圣经的四大属性之四:清晰性。相信圣经的清晰性,就要反对教权主义 (clericalism)。
  2. 「一般的方法 ordinary means」,指改教时期所说的「恩具、施恩具 means/instrument/vehicle/tool of grace」,指神赦免罪、使人称义的施恩途径,包括听道、读经、圣礼、祷告,也就是敬拜加上神的话。)
  3. 人在研读圣经的过程中,必须使用理性和感知,但这些理性、感知和方法都必须遵从圣经,也就是起点是寻求和顺服神的心意,而不是自我标榜为终极权威。因此,虽然人的解释难免混入对圣经的认识中,但是,当人的心智否定了自己的自主性,转而效法神的思维去思维时,就能顺服圣灵、胜过罪的影响,尽职地把解释工作做到最好。

01:03:38八、希伯来文(古时神选民的母语)旧约和希腊文(写作时各国最熟悉的)新约,因为都直接出于神的默示,并在祂独特的看顾和护理下,历代都保持纯正、真实可靠(太5:18诗119:89);因此,一切有关信仰的争辩,教会最终都必须诉诸于圣经(赛8:20太15:3,6徒15:15路16:31)。然而,神的众民未必都通晓原文,虽然他们都有权接触圣经、渴慕圣经,并按神的命令存敬畏的心去阅读查考(约5:39徒17:11启1:3提后3:14-15);所以,全部圣经都应该被译为它们所到之处各民族的通俗文字(太28:19-20林前14:6可15:34),让神的道丰丰富富地存在众人心中,使他们都能以蒙悦纳的方式敬拜祂(西3:16出20:4-6太15:7-9),并借圣经所生的忍耐和安慰得着盼望(罗15:4)。

The Old Testament in Hebrew (which was the native language of the people of God of old), and the New Testament in Greek (which at the time of the writing of it was most generally known to the nations), being immediately inspired by God, and by His singular care and providence kept pure in all ages, are therefore authentical; so as in all controversies of religion the church is finally to appeal unto them. But because these original tongues are not known to all the people of God who have right unto, and interest in, the Scriptures, and are commanded, in the fear of God, to read and search them, therefore they are to be translated into the vulgar language of every nation unto which they come, that the Word of God dwelling plentifully in all, they may worship Him in an acceptable manner, and, through patience and comfort of the Scriptures, may have hope.

解读:

  1. 这是翻译圣经的必须性。
  2. 中世纪的天主教使用并禁止翻译拉丁文圣经,垄断信仰,致使普通人无法读懂圣经。
  3. 圣经中所用的「称义、代罪、挽回、不再定罪、买赎」等法律用语和商业用语是神默示的一部分,不是西方教会的文化包袱,相信圣经无误,必须同时接纳神所选用的文字、词语和观念。
  4. 解释是为了应用,查经是为了以蒙悦纳的方式是敬拜神。

01:07:52九、解释圣经的无误准则,就是圣经本身;因此,若对任何一处经文真实、完整的意义存在疑问(每处经文只有一个意思,不是多种意思),可以通过查考其他讲得更为清楚的经文而得以知道(徒15:15约5:46彼后1:20-21)。

The infallible rule of interpretation of Scripture, is the Scripture itself; and therefore, when there is a question about the true and full sense of any scripture (which is not manifold, but one), it may be searched and known by other places that speak more clearly.

解读:

  1. 解经的原则:以经解经。
  2. 每处经文只有一个意思,不是多种意思。

01:08:36十、我们对于一切信仰争议的裁决,以及对议会所有决议、古代作者各种见解、众人诸般教义、私人灵异现象的察验,所当遵循其判决的最高裁判,除了那位在圣经里说话的圣灵,别无他人(太22:29,31徒28:25约壹4:1-6)。

The Supreme Judge, by which all controversies of religion are to be determined, and all decrees of councils, opinions of ancient writers, doctrines of men, and private spirits, are to be examined, and in whose sentence we are to rest, can be no other but the Holy Spirit speaking in the Scripture.

解读:

  1. religion源于拉丁语religionis,在十六、十七世纪的拉丁语境下,既可以理解为「宗教」,也可以理解为「敬虔生活」。

第二章 论神与三位一体 Of God, and of the Holy Trinity

00:00:23前言

00:01:11一、只有一位(申6:4林前8:4,6加3:20)又真又活(帖前1:9耶10:10)的神,祂的存有和完全都是无限的(伯11:7-9;26:14诗139:6),是至纯之灵(约4:24),眼不能见(提前1:17约1:18),没有身体,没有部分(申4:15-16约4:24路24:39),没有激情(徒14:11,15),永不改变(雅1:17玛3:6),广大无边(王上8:27耶23:23-24),永远常存(诗90:2提前1:17),不可测度(诗145:3罗11:34),无所不能(创17:1启4:8),至为智慧(罗16:27),至为圣洁(赛6:3启4:8),至为自由(诗115:3赛14:24),至为绝对(赛45:5-6出3:14),按照祂自己永不改变、至为公义的旨意(弗1:11)的计划,为了祂自己的荣耀(箴16:4罗11:36启4:11)行做万事,至为慈爱(约壹4:8,16约3:16)、恩典、怜悯,恒久忍耐,有丰盛的良善和真理,赦免罪孽、过犯和罪恶(出34:6-7);赏赐那些殷勤寻求祂的人(来11:6);但与此同时,祂的审判至为公正、可畏(尼9:32-33来10:28-31),因为祂憎恶一切罪恶(罗1:18诗5:5-6;11:5),断不以有罪的为无罪(出34:7鸿1:2-3,6)。

There is but one only living and true God, who is infinite in being and perfection, a most pure spirit, invisible, without body, parts, or passions, immutable, immense, eternal, incomprehensible, almighty, most wise, most holy, most free, most absolute, working all things according to the counsel of His own immutable and most righteous will, for His own glory, most loving, gracious, merciful, long-suffering, abundant in goodness and truth, forgiving iniquity, transgression, and sin; the rewarder of them that diligently seek Him; and withal most just and terrible in His judgments; hating all sin; and who will by no means clear the guilty.

解读:

  1. 「只有一位又真又活的神」,换句话说,就是只有一位自存的(self-existence or aseity)绝对位格(absolute personality),绝对性和位格性结合在最高的存有——神里面。神既不是某种抽象的概念或规律,也不是祂一切作为和话语的总和,更不是宇宙万物的总和,而是具体的位格、绝对的至高。一切与圣经不符的神观,不是抽象的(命运、规律是绝对的,但没有位格,从康德到巴特的形而上学都是抽象的),就是非绝对的(多神论、各种「人格主义」哲学的神明有位格,但不是至高的)。
  2. 神是独一的,祂的神性不与任何其他活物分享。人是神按照自己的形象造的,并非放射,两者之间并非数量、程度的区别。神的某些属性是可以传递的,所以人起初在有限的层次上是圣洁、公义、智慧、权能的……,但这些属性都在亚当犯罪堕落以后被罪污染了。诺斯底主义认至高善神是纯存有( pure Being),其神性放射( emanation)给其他的灵体,就像纯金变成金粉、镀金,神性相同、数量减少,神与所有其他灵体合起来就是丰满(pleroma)。天主教的阿奎那认为人比神少一点存有,也是这种放射模式。现代的新纪元、泛神论和心理学理论认为神就是宇宙、宇宙就是神,人里有神性的火花,人性与神性只是程度的不同,并非本质不同,致力发掘人性里的神性。创造主与受造物之间的区别是绝对、无限的。人有神的形象,但人性根本就不是神性。圣灵内住,并非成为人的一部分,也没有把人变成神的一部分。
  3. 神所有的属性,都包括在祂的自存里。在「公义」之前列出了神不可传递的属性,强调神绝对的存有;从「公义」开始列出了可传递的属性,强调神与受造物建立的各种关系。神的每一样属性,都会在圣约里带给我们益处。
  4. 神所有的属性都是具体的、不是抽象的。换句话说,神本身就是公义、神本身就是爱,并不需要服从于另外一个非位格的抽象概念。
  5. 神的属性是可以认识的,祂在圣经中启示了自己的属性。但为了向知识分子传福音,有些早期教父却与世俗哲学妥协,把神当作希腊宇宙观里不可言喻的纯存有(pure Being、pure Form)、没有属性的存在,今天的新正统神学也是如此。他们又用希腊的宇宙观来解释约翰福音里的道,认为道在先知和哲学家中运行,所有按道生活的人都是基督徒。今天,巴特、现代神学、新纪元、普救论也是如此,一些华人信徒也把基督当作老子的道。所有离开圣经的哲学和宇宙观,都把神和人放在同一个圈子里,扯低神、捧高人,使两者都成为马戏团的空中飞人。
  6. 神的存有是无限的,指神完全不受任何限制,祂的存有与属性不受任何限制,不限在宇宙时空中运作。神的无限是集中的(intensive)、不是分散的(extensive),不是无限度地延伸在整个宇宙中,有一部分在这里、另一部分在那里,因为神没有身体。
  7. 神的完全是无限的,不是指「量」的无限,而是「质」的无限,也就是没有瑕疵、有无限的可能。神无限的圣洁不是无限量的圣洁,乃是永存的圣洁、没有任何瑕疵。神无限的能力、知识、智慧、爱和公义,都必须从「质」的意义上理解。
  8. 「没有身体」,指神完全不受空间和距离的限制,无所不在。
  9. 「没有部分」,指神的位格、能力和属性都是完美结合的。神是纯一的(Simplicity or Unity),祂并非由多个部分组成,而是每个属性都无限完全,每个属性都不会违背其他属性,也没有任何属性高于其他属性。神的每一样属性都包含了所有其他的属性。换句话说,祂的慈爱是公义的、祂的公义是怜悯的、祂的怜悯是不变的。当我们提到神的不同属性时,只是从不同的角度来认识祂。
  10. 「没有激情」,又被译为「无欲、无情欲」,不是说神没有感觉、冷漠无情,或者祂里面没有类似人的情感和感情的心态,而是说神没有人类那种被动、非自愿的情绪化反应,也就是受无法控制的环境驱使和约束的passionate心态,包括痛苦、惧怕、忧伤、懊悔、绝望等。神的情感具有深思熟虑、自主选择的本质,与人的情绪和激情完全不同。圣经中所提到神的情绪变化,只是用人类的语言表达人与神之间约的关系变了。
  11. 「永不改变」,不是说神静止不动,而是指神的存有、属性、计划和应许都不会因着时间、过程和环境而改变。祂不会增加、也不会减少,不会变得更好、也不会变得更坏,不会增加知识、也不会减少知识。神的不变性建立在神的自存上,因为除了祂自己永恒的存有(eternal Being),祂不依靠任何其他的事物。进程神学(Process Theology)认为神是不断给自己加添、不断变化的,伯拉纠主义和亚米念主义认为神是会改变的,现代流行的神学则认为神是有限的、在挣扎中逐渐增长。
  12. 「广大无边」,是从空间的角度看神的无限性。「广大性」,指神超越所有空间的限制,在空间之上;「无所不在」,指神以祂的整个存有充满空间的每一部份,这种同在不会在某个地方多过其他地方,也不是分散在各个地方。神与所有的受造物同在,与生物和非生物、义人和恶人、教会和世界都同在,但并不是每一种同在都有同样的意义,每种同在的性质是与受造物相称的。泛神论否认神的超越性,认为神的存有就是宇宙万物的总和。自然神论否认神的临在性,认为神只是从远处以祂的大能向宇宙施行作为。
  13. 「永远常存」,是从时间的角度看神的无限性。永恒并不是时间的无限延伸,而是超越所有时间上的限制,本质上与时间不同(彼后3:8)。在神的生命里,没有过去、现在和未来的区别。神是永恒的「我是」,祂在一个没有分割的「现在」里拥有祂全部的存在。
  14. 「不可测度」,指人不能像神认识祂自己那样穷尽地认识祂,但可以按照神的启示、有把握地认识祂。祂不是诺斯底主义、新正统神学和古今各种非理性主义所说的无底深渊(unfathomable abyss)、全然他者(Wholly Other)。
  15. 「至为自由」,指神按照自己不变的、最公义的旨意作决定,为了荣耀祂自己。
  16. 「至为绝对」,指神自含丰满的(self-contained fullness),也就是自存的祂自有永有、充满荣耀,与祂之外的任何存有都不相互依存(correlative),的存在和工作不必依靠任何人或天使,而是自足的。只有神自己是必须的,世界、人类、甚至人类对神的爱都不是必须的,但神却定意让我们的存在对祂产生意义(赛62:3-5)。
  17. 神「为了祂自己的荣耀行做万事」,祂关心自己的荣耀,超过关心人的得救;祂关心人,超过人关心自己。神在永恒里并不缺乏荣耀,荣耀是神的绝对权能在历史中的显明。神的「荣耀」,就是三位一体的神在永恒里所计划的,在历史中得着了成就,因此使三一神得着满足,万有都要称颂祂。人的「荣耀」,就是神在人身上的创造计划和救赎计划得着成就,包括:人真正进入安息日的安息(神计划里的安息,而非本质上的安息,因为神之前也有安息),效法神儿子的模样。主耶稣是最后荣耀诗班的总指挥(来2:10-12)。

00:53:47二、神拥有所有生命(耶10:10约5:26)、荣耀(徒7:2)、良善(诗119:68)、祝福(提前6:15罗9:5),都在祂里面,也属祂所有;在祂自己里面和向祂自己都是完全自足的,不需要祂所造的任何受造物(徒17:24-25),也不从它们那里得到任何荣耀(路17:10),反倒只透过它们、借着它们、向着它们、在它们身上彰显祂自己的荣耀;祂是万有的惟一根源,万有都本于祂、倚靠祂、归于祂(罗11:36);祂在万有之上有着至高的主权,随己意借着他们、为着他们、或在他们身上行事(启 4:11但4:25,35提前6:15)。万有在祂眼前都是赤露敞开的(来4:13);祂的知识无限、无误,独立于受造物之上(罗11:33-34诗147:5)。所以对祂而言,没有任何事情是偶然的、或不确定的(徒15:18结11:5)。祂在祂所有计划、所有作为、所有命令上都显为至圣(诗145:17罗7:12)。天使、人类和其他一切受造物,都当按祂所喜悦的要求,敬拜祂、事奉祂、顺服祂(启5:12-14)。

God hath all life, glory, goodness, blessedness, in and of Himself; and is alone in and unto Himself all-sufficient, not standing in need of any creatures which He hath made, nor deriving any glory from them, but only manifesting His own glory in, by, unto, and upon them; He is the alone foundation of all being, of whom, through whom, and to whom, are all things; and hath most sovereign dominion over them, to do by them, for them, or upon them, whatsoever Himself pleaseth. In His sight all things are open and manifest; His knowledge is infinite, infallible, and independent upon the creature; so as nothing is to Him contingent or uncertain. He is most holy in all His counsels, in all His works, and in all His commands. To Him is due from angels and men, and every other creature, whatsoever worship, service, or obedience He is pleased to require of them.

解读:

  1. 神是有位格的绝对真理。宇宙最高的绝对真理不是一个没有位格的资料库,而是有位格的。希腊哲学里的最高真理是没有位格的,希腊神话中的神有位格,但却不是最高真理。
  2. 一个抽象的绝对观念是不会要求相信、要人悔改的;惟独有位格的绝对才有权统治人、审判人,呼召人:你听我讲、你跟我走、你为我活。所以世人总是喜欢寻求找抽象的绝对,知识分子最喜欢的就是不要求悔改的信靠顺服和绝对真理。基督徒如果被世俗的知识分子和哲学牵着鼻子走,最后得到的只是抽象的、非位格的真理。只有先打好正统的系统神学根基,然后再研究哲学,用真理批判、救赎哲学,才能向崇尚哲学的知识分子分享福音。
  3. 许多基督徒为了与知识分子分享福音,常常把哲学贴上真理的标签,想把哲学当作桥梁,用哲学解释真理,结果是用哲学取代真理。游斯丁、亚历山大的革利免、俄利根为了向知识分子传福音,结果却吸收了希腊哲学,许多现代神学家也把世俗哲学的思想写进了神学。当我们要讨好人的时候,一定会把人的地位尊严、人的自由意志、人的理性哲学、人的良善爱心捧得很高,把所有的真理都当作神的真理,说老子的道、希腊哲学的道说成约翰福音里的道。
  4. 「祝福」指配得称颂的荣美,和合本提前6:15罗9:5的「可称颂」,英文译为「有福的 blessed」。
  5. 神的知识「无限、无误」,所以「The God’s Openness」是伪命题。

01:01:25三、在神格的合一中有三个位格,本质一致、权能一致、永恒一致:父神、子神和圣灵神(太3:16-17;28:19林后13:14弗2:18)。父无中自有,既非受生,亦非发出;子在永恒里为父所生(约1:14,18来1:2-3西1:15);圣灵在永恒里由父和子发出(约15:26加4:6)。

In the unity of the Godhead there be three Persons of one substance, power, and eternity: God the Father, God the Son, and God the Holy Ghost. The Father is of none, neither begotten nor proceeding; the Son is eternally begotten of the Father; the Holy Ghost eternally proceeding from the Father and the Son.

解读:

  1. 人并不能用理性、逻辑、哲学、科学来解释三位一体,只能根据圣经的宣告相信。
  2. 「神格/神性 godhead」指三位一体的神。我们用「神」来称呼圣父,也用「神」来称呼三位一体的神。
  3. 神是位格(God is a person),不只是属性的总和。
  4. 神是有位格的(God is personal)。祂在永恒里计划(定旨 decreed)要创造人,与人建立约的关系。
  5. 神是既有位格的、也是无限的(God is both personal and infinite)。
  6. 神同时是一个位格(一本质,一神格)、三个位格。「质 substance」包含所有的属性,并不是像泥土、金、银、木头一样是非位格的。「位格 person」和「质 substance」这两个词最初并无特定意思,只是表示「某事物 something」,所以可以互用。当我们说神是一体/一本质、三位格的时候,实际上是说神是「三某事物 three of something」和「一某事物 one of something」。所以我们也可以说:神是三个位格,同时是一个位格。
  7. 父、子、灵是三个位格的「存在模式 mode of subsistence」,位格之间只有存在模式的不同。
  8. 「生」和「发出」,只是表明不同的关系,圣经里并没有给出确切的定义。
  9. 「生」和「发出」不是神计划的一部份,而是神性里从来就有的存在形式,并无开始的时刻。当我们说到神的计划,一定是说三位一体神的计划。
  10. 三位一体不是偶然的、计划的,而是必然的,是神存在的方式。父、子、灵同永,父在永恒里从来就圣子的父,子在永恒里从来就是父的子。从来没有一刻父不是父、子不是子、灵不是灵。
  11. 圣子、圣灵与圣父同质,与圣父同有全部的神性,不是次等的神。父的一切属性,子都有,灵也都有。
  12. 「子在永恒里为父所生;圣灵在永恒里由父和子发出」,是必然的(nescessary),并非父偶然的(contingent)、自由的(free)、主权的行动或旨意、计划。
  13. 圣父在永恒里生子,不是神性的放射(emanation,意思是属性相同、程度不同),不是父本质(神性)的分割(division),也不是说子比父有更少的神的本质,或子比父有更少的神的属性。
  14. 圣子启示圣父,但祂并非只是父的启示或形象,而是圣子;并非只是终极的原理、神圣的道、神的理性。而是有位格的,有自己的思想、意志、感情、计划、关系;并非女儿、母亲……,而是以「子」的身份在永恒里存在。
  15. 圣子是神,并非只是一个神,更不是另一个神。祂是一个位格,道成肉身并没有使圣子多一个位格。­­
  16. 三位一体有三个不同的位格,但只有一位神。三个位格并非戏剧中的三个演员或角色、或者一个演员戴着三个面具。或者水、冰、水蒸气。圣子道成肉身、死在十字架上,圣父和圣灵始终参与。但并非圣父道成肉身,挂在十字架上。(这是形体上的神格唯一说 Modalism,即撒伯流主义 Sabellius,又被称为圣父受苦说 Patripassianism)。
  17. 只有三位一体的神,才可能是自存的绝对位格,不需要倚靠任何受造之物。
    1. 只是一、而不是三的神,是不可能自存的。比如:圣经里的爱就是爱别人,但无论是抽象的全然他者、还是撒伯流主义的神,爱的对象只能是受造物,必须与受造的世界相互依存、才能有永恒之爱。
    2. 只是一、而不是三的神,如果是至高的,就不可能有位格;因为祂不能自己为自己定义属性,只能是抽象的。如果有位格,就不可能是至高的;因为祂只能服从于一个抽象的爱,而抽象的爱又要由另一位更高的存有来定义。
    3. 只有三而一、一而三的神,三个位格之间的爱本身就是爱的定义,三个位格之间相互依存、自含丰满,不需要为任何属性到三位一体之外寻找抽象的定义,祂自己就是爱、公义、圣洁、良善,祂自己就是道路、真理、生命。
  18. 得救得赎而与神和好合一的人,尽管与圣父圣子圣灵都密契交通联合,并具有神的形象和样式、与神的性情和思想,但却永远都不在神格之内、不属神格之一。

第三章 论神的永恒旨意 Of God’s Eternal Decree

一、神在永恒里按祂自己旨意中至为智慧、至为圣洁的计划,自由不变地决定了一切将要发生的事(诗33:11弗1:11来6:17);但虽然如此,神既不是罪恶的原作者(诗5:4雅1:13-14约一1:5哈1:13),也没有对受造物的意志施加暴力,第二因的自由性或偶然性并没有被剥夺,反倒被确立了(徒2:23太17:12徒4:27-28约19:11箴16:33)。

God from all eternity did by the most wise and holy counsel of His own will, freely and unchangeably ordain whatsoever comes to pass; yet so as thereby neither is God the author of sin; nor is violence offered to the will of the creatures, nor is the liberty or contingency of second causes taken away, but rather established.

解读:

二、虽然神知道在任何假设的条件下可能或可以发生的事(撒上23:11-12太11:21,23),但祂预定任何事,并非因为祂预见它,或预见在这些条件下必会发生(罗9:11,13,16,18)。

Although God knows whatsoever may or can come to pass, upon all supposed conditions; yet hath He not decreed any thing because He foresaw it as future, as that which would come to pass, upon such conditions.

解读:

三、按照神的旨意,为了彰显祂的荣耀,有些人和天使被预定得永生(提前5:21犹1:6太25:31,41),而其余被注定受永死(弗1:5-6罗9:22-23箴16:4)。

By the decree of God, for the manifestation of His glory, some men and angels are predestinated unto everlasting life, and others foreordained to everlasting death.

解读:

四、这些天使和人类,都在独特不变的设计下被如此预定或注定;他们的数目是如此确定和明确,既不能增加、也不能减少(约13:18提后2:19约10:14-16,27-28;17:2,6,9-12)。

These angels and men, thus predestinated and foreordained, are particularly and unchangeably designed; and their number is so certain and definite that it can not be either increased or diminished.

解读:

五、那些被预定得生命的人,是神从创立世界以前,按照祂永恒不变的目的、奥秘的计划和祂自己的旨意所喜悦的,在基督里拣选了他们得永远的荣耀(弗1:4,9,11罗8:28-30提后1:9帖前5:9)。这完全是出于神白白的恩典和爱,并非预见到任何信心或善行,或在信心与善行上的坚忍,或是受造物中的任何其他事物,从而作为促使祂拣选的条件或原因(罗9:11,13,15-16弗2:8-9;1:5,9,11);全都为了祂荣耀的恩典得着称赞(弗1:6,12)。

Those of mankind that are predestinated unto life, God, before the foundation of the world was laid, according to His eternal and immutable purpose, and the secret counsel and good pleasure of His will, hath chosen in Christ, unto everlasting glory, out of His free grace and love alone, without any foresight of faith or good works, or perseverance in either of them, or any other thing in the creature, as conditions, or causes moving Him thereunto; and all to the praise of His glorious grace.

解读:

六、神既已命定选民得荣耀,就按祂旨意中永恒、且至为自由的目的,预先定下达成此目的的一切方法(彼前1:2弗2:10帖后2:13)。因此,虽然那些被拣选者在亚当里堕落了,却被基督救赎(帖前5:9-10多2:14),借着祂的灵在所定的时候运行,有效地呼召他们归信基督;得以称义、得着名分、成圣(罗8:30弗1:5帖后2:13),并因信蒙祂能力保守,以致得救(彼前1:5)。除被拣选的人,没有任何其他人被基督救赎、被有效呼召、得以称义、得着名分、成圣、得救(约10:14-15,26;6:64-65罗8:28-39约8:47;17:9约一2:19)。

As God hath appointed the elect unto glory, so hath He, by the eternal and most free purpose of His will, foreordained all the means thereunto. Wherefore they who are elected being fallen in Adam are redeemed by Christ, are effectually called unto faith in Christ by His Spirit working in due season; are justified, adopted, sanctified, and kept by His power through faith unto salvation. Neither are any other redeemed by Christ, effectually called, justified, adopted, sanctified, and saved, but the elect only.

解读:

七、至于其余的人类,神乐意按照祂自己旨意中不可测度的计划,随己意给予或不给怜悯——也就是为了祂在受造物之上权能的荣耀,撇弃他们,并命定他们为自己的罪受羞辱、遭忿怒,使祂荣耀的公义得着称赞(太11:25-26罗9:17-18;21-22犹1:4彼前2:8提后2:19-20)。

The rest of mankind, God was pleased, according to the unsearchable counsel of His own will, whereby He extendeth or withholdeth mercy as He pleaseth, for the glory of His sovereign power over His creatures, to pass by, and to ordain them to dishonor and wrath for their sin, to the praise of His glorious justice.

解读:

八、预定论是崇高奥秘的教义,必须以特别的慎重和小心来对待(罗9:20;11:33申29:29),好叫那些注意并顺服神在祂的圣道中所启示旨意的人,可以从他们的有效恩召的确定性上,确信自己的永恒拣选(彼后1:10帖前1:4-5)。如此,这一教义能引起人们对神的颂赞、敬虔和爱慕(弗1:6罗11:33),并为所有真诚顺从福音的人带来谦卑、殷勤和充足的安慰(罗11:5-6,20;8:33路10:20彼后1:10)。

The doctrine of this high mystery of predestination is to be handled with special prudence and care, that men attending to the will of God revealed in His Word, and yielding obedience thereunto, may, from the certainty of their effectual vocation, be assured of their eternal election. So shall this doctrine afford matter of praise, reverence, and admiration of God; and of humility, diligence, and abundant consolation to all that sincerely obey the gospel.

解读:

第四章 论创造 Of Creation

00:00:24前言

00:00:59一、父、子、圣灵(罗11:36林前8:6来1:2约1:2-3创1:2伯33:4)三位一体之神为了彰显祂永恒的权能、智慧、良善的荣耀(罗1:20耶10:12诗104:24;33:5),就乐意在起初于六日之内创造、或者说从无中制造世界和其中的一切有形无形之物,并都甚好(创1:1-31诗33:6来11:3西1:16徒17:24出20:11)。

It pleased God the Father, Son, and Holy Ghost, for the manifestation of the glory of His eternal power, wisdom, and goodness, in the beginning, to create or make of nothing the world, and all things therein, whether visible or invisible, in the space of six days, and all very good.

解读:

  1. 00:01:37创造是三一真神共同的工作:「起初,神创造天地。地是空虚混沌,渊面黑暗;神的灵运行在水面上」(创1:1-2),「我们只有一位神,就是父——万物都本于祂;我们也归于祂——并有一位主,就是耶稣基督——万物都是借着祂有的;我们也是借着祂有的」(林前8:6)。
  2. 00:02:31创造是有目的的:「为了彰显祂永恒的能力、智慧、良善的荣耀」。
    • 普遍启示是必要的:
      • 整个宇宙是为显明神的荣耀而被造的,「诸天述说神的荣耀」(诗19:1),「耶和华用能力创造大地,用智慧建立世界,用聪明铺张穹苍」(耶10:12)。因此,除非宇宙是神的普遍启示,否则就不可能「彰显祂永恒的能力、智慧、良善的荣耀」。
      • 普遍启示显明了神的永恒定旨(eternal decreed),「神的事情,人所能知道的,原显明在人心里,因为神已经给他们显明。自从造天地以来,神的永能和神性是明明可知的,虽是眼不能见,但借着所造之物就可以晓得,叫人无可推诿」(罗1:19-20)。也就是说,神在永恒里对被造的宇宙有一个整全、包含万有的计划,所有被造物都在显示着这个计划。因此,它们的本质都是合乎理性的,宇宙和人性多少都显明了神的旨意。因为超自然若要显明为超自然,自然就必须显明为自然;宇宙中若要有例外,就必须先显明常规。
      • 就连罪也具有启示性,因为罪是反常的。人堕落之后,自然必须被显明是被罪咒诅、需要救赎的世界,才能显明神特殊的救赎计划,所以神在普遍启示里增加了新的内容:神的忿怒——「原来,神的忿怒从天上显明在一切不虔不义的人身上,就是那些行不义阻挡真理的人」(罗1:18)。普遍启示与忿怒一起显明了普遍的恩典:「我把虹放在云彩中,这就可作我与地立约的记号了」(创9:13),也显明了救赎的恩典:「当那日,我必为我的民,与田野的走兽和空中的飞鸟,并地上的昆虫立约;又必在国中折断弓刀,止息争战,使他们安然躺卧」(何2:18)。
    • 普遍启示是权威的:因为来自神,所以科学研究方法必须顺服神。 
    • 普遍启示是足够的:指普遍启示本身足以达成它的历史目的,也就是作为救赎与特殊启示适当的背景和平台。但普遍启示并不足以传递神的救恩,但这并不是它的目的。
    • 普遍启示是清晰的
      • 普遍启示本身是清晰的,虽然神不能被透知、世界已经受了咒诅,但仍有神清楚、权威的普遍启示,世界依然清楚地显明了神 、罪人也能知道神(罗1:19-20)。但是,人在堕落之后,已经无法正确地理解普遍启示,罪人接受神的普遍启示,并不比接受神在圣经里的特殊启示更容易,「因为,他们虽然知道神,却不当作神荣耀祂,也不感谢祂。他们的思念变为虚妄,无知的心就昏暗了」(罗1:21)。
      • 护教者所诉诸的就是:神对人有清楚的自我启示,世人知道它、但却压制它。亚米念主义则认为,人的自由意志独立于神的计划之外,所以不能启示神的本性和形象,普遍启示不足以让罪人无可推诿。
  3. 00:17:42创造不是必要的:神的创造有目的性,但并没有必然性。也就是说,并没有任何原因促使神非造不可。创造完全是神的「乐意」,也就是出于主权的决定,不是非创造就不足以彰显祂永恒的能力、智慧、良善的荣耀,更不是爱的溢出、太过寂寞。创造不是必要的,所以神在创造时可以自由地选择无数个计划;但祂却选择了这个正在进行的计划,表明祂已经预定了这个计划中的每一件事,好使整个创造确实按照这个计划进行。
  4. 00:20:48创造是六日之内:神「在起初于六日之内创造」。19世纪进化论出现以后,六日创造被不同的人理解为六个24小时、六个阶段、一日千年、间隔论等。既然神是神,任何不按字面理解《创世记》第一章的做法都是没有必要的、可以各自解读的。而现代科学既不能证伪年轻地球论,也不能证明年老地球论。
  5. 00:24:29创造是从无到有:神「从无中制造世界和其中的一切有形无形之物」,包括物质的宇宙和灵界。「我们因着信,就知道诸世界是借神的话造成的;这样,所看见的,并不是从显然之物造出来的」(来11:3),而现代科学的研究也证明宇宙是从无到有。
  6. 00:25:52创造的结果是好的:神查看了祂的创造工作以后,宣告它们「甚好」 —— 「神看着一切所造的都甚好」(创1:31)。因为:
    • 创造彰显了神的能力:神用祂「说有,就有,命立,就立」(诗33:9)的命令,让万物从无变为有,「诸天借耶和华的命而造;万象借祂口中的气而成」(诗 33:6), 「神说,要有光,就有了光」(创 1:3)。
    • 创造彰显了神的智慧受造物的多样性、次序、和谐和彼此的关系,显明了神的智慧:「耶和华啊,祢所造的何其多!都是祢用智慧造成的;遍地满了祢的丰富」(诗104:24)。
    • 创造彰显了神的良善:「祂喜爱仁义公平;遍地满了耶和华的慈爱」(诗33:5)。
    • 创造彰显了神的目的:受造物的「好」,在于它们本性的完全,也就是可以达到它们被造的目的。人本性的自由,也是神创造的目的(参见第九章)。
    • 神为什么造灾祸:是为了显明神的公义。「我造光,又造暗;我施平安,又降灾祸;造作这一切的是我——耶和华」(赛45:7),包括在神管理之下的天灾人祸,用以执行神的审判和惩罚:「耶和华所造的,各适其用。就是恶人,也为祸患的日子所造」(箴 16:4)。「城中若吹角,百姓岂不惊恐呢。灾祸若临到一城,岂非耶和华所降的吗」(摩3:6)。
    • 罪和死亡不是神所造的:人是罪的来源,罪为死亡打开了门:「罪是从一人入了世界,死又是从罪来的,于是死就临到众人,因为众人都犯了罪」(罗5:12)。今天,许多受造物看起来对人是有害的,但在它们起初被造的时候并非如此。人堕落以后,作为万物的管理者(创1:28),给受造物带来了咒诅——「地必为你的缘故受咒诅」(创3:17),「一切受造之物一同叹息,劳苦,直到如今」(罗8:22)。
  7. 00:35:15创造的教义有何现实意义:我们应当面对神所创造的一切来默想祂、称颂祂、赞美祂( 诗104),承认祂是万有的主人,有主权随己意使用一切。正如大卫所称颂的:「耶和华啊,尊大、能力、荣耀、强胜、威严都是祢的;凡天上地下的都是祢的;国度也是祢的,并且祢为至高,为万有之首。丰富尊荣都从而来,也治理万物。在手里有大能大力,使人尊大强盛都出于祢!」(代上 29:11-12)。这可以使我们脱离人本主义以自我为中心的自义、自傲、自怜和自恋,知道人生的首要目的就是荣耀神,以祂为乐、直到永远,并且相信创造的神也照样会保护和供应祂的百姓:「我的帮助从造天地的耶和华而来」(诗121:2)。

二、00:41:45神造了所有其他受造物以后,就造男造女(创1:27),具有理性和不朽的灵魂(创2:7传12:7路23:43太10:28),又按祂自己的形像被赋予知识、公义和真正的圣洁(创1:26西3:10弗4:24),并有神的律法写在他们心中(罗2:14-15),具备履行律法的能力(创2:17传7:29);但他们也有可能违反,因为他们被允许有自由按自己的意志行事,而这意志是会改变的(创3:6,17)。除了这写在他们心中的律法,他们还领受了不可吃分别善恶树果子的命令;只要他们遵守,就可以在与神相交中享受喜乐(创2:17;2:15-3:24),并享有统管一切受造物的权柄(创1:28;1:29-30诗8:6-8)。

After God had made all other creatures, He created man, male and female, with reasonable and immortal souls, endued with knowledge, righteousness, and true holiness after His own image, having the law of God written in their hearts, and power to fulfill it; and yet under a possibility of transgressing, being left to the liberty of their own will, which was subject unto change. Besides this law written in their hearts, they received a command not to eat of the tree of the knowledge of good and evil; which while they kept were happy in their communion with God, and had dominion over the creatures.

解读:

  1. 人受造的特殊之处:
    • 人最后被造:「神造了所有其他受造物以后,就造男造女」,先为人布置好环境,然后才把人带入其中,管理万物、享受恩典:「祢派他管理祢手所造的,使万物,就是一切的牛羊、田野的兽、空中的鸟、海里的鱼,凡经行海道的,都服在他的脚下」(诗8:6-8)。
    • 人的受造有更大的庄严:对于其余的受造物,神只是命令它们,说有就有;但当人被创造时,三位一体的神为他的受造开了一个会议——神说:「我们要照着我们的形象、按着我们的样式造人,使他们管理海里的鱼、空中的鸟、地上的牲畜,和全地,并地上所爬的一切昆虫」(创1:26 )。因为神要使人成为管理这个世界的代表,成为创造主的唯一形像。而在神的永恒计划里,三一神的第二位格将要道成肉身,「成为人的样式」(腓2:7)。
  2. 人性包括物质的身体和非物质的灵:由「身体和灵魂」(太10:28)联合而成,灵与魂在圣经中可以互用。神所造的人「是身体、是灵魂」,而不是人「有身体、有灵魂」。「耶和华神用地上的尘土造人,将生气吹在他鼻孔里,他就成了有灵的活人」(创2:7),具有会朽坏的物质身体,也「具有理性和不朽的灵魂」,所以死后「尘土仍归于地,灵仍归于赐灵的神」(传12:7)。神是「万人之灵的神」(民27:16),「造人里面之灵的耶和华」(亚12:1)直接创造了人的灵,直接创造了人的灵,不需要藉由任何第二因,灵魂在神的维持下是不朽的。
  3. 人有神自己的形象:指人的本质是属灵的,拥有知识、公义和真正的圣洁。人堕落以后,仍有理性、道德性和不朽性,具有理智、情感和意志,但已经丧失了真正的知识、公义和圣洁。重生者被基督恢复了这形像——「这新人在知识上渐渐更新,正如造他主的形象」(西3:10),「这新人是照着神的形象造的,有真理的仁义和圣洁」(弗4:24)。但只有完全成圣以后,才能达到完美。
    •  人被造时被赋予的知识是对神、祂的旨意、和祂的作为的一种完全的知识,就令他快乐而言,对于装备他凡事顺服所必需的而言是完全足够的。
    •  人被造时被赋予的公义:是一种内在的公义,具备足够的能力遵行心中的律法,「我所找到的只有一件,就是神造人原是正直,但他们寻出许多巧计」(传7:29)。
    • 人被造时被赋予的圣洁即与罪完全隔绝,能彰显神的形象。
  4. 人有神的律法写在心中:即道德良知。「没有律法的外邦人若顺着本性行律法上的事,他们虽然没有律法,自己就是自己的律法。这是显出律法的功用刻在他们心里,他们是非之心同作见证,并且他们的思念互相较量,或以为是,或以为非」(罗2:14-15)。因此,人不能以「天生如此」为理由,不肯承认罪、继续沉溺于罪中。
  5. 人有自由意志:而这意志是会改变的,是顺性的自由,也就是符合人的本性、附带道德责任的自由(参见第九章)。
  6. 人领受了神明确的命令:神并没有解释「不可吃分别善恶树果子」的原因,人也没有工具来验证分别善恶树与其他的树有何区别、果子是否会带来伤害,所有的只是神的话语本身。神的命令必须是一个例外,这个例外仅仅因为是神的命令,所以才能试验人是否顺服。「只要他们遵守,就可以在与神相交中享受喜乐,并享有统管一切受造物的权柄」,但这并非奖赏。人堕落以后,倾向于用「讲理」来代替「顺服」,实际上就是认为自己「如神能知道善恶」(创3:5)。

第五章 论护理 Of Providence

00:00:25一、神,万有伟大的创造者,确实托住(尼9:6诗145:14-16来1:3)、引导、支配和统管一切受造物、动作和事件(但4:34-35诗135:6徒17:25-28伯38-41),从最大的到最小的(太10:29-31;6:26-32),这是借着祂至为智慧和圣洁的护理(箴15:3代下16:9诗104:24;145:17),根据祂无误的预知(徒15:18赛42:9结11:5),按照祂自己旨意中自由、不变的计划(弗1:11诗33:10-11),为要使祂在智慧、权能、公义、良善和怜悯上的荣耀得着称赞(赛63:14弗3:10罗9:17创45:7诗145:7)。

God, the great Creator of all things, doth uphold, direct, dispose, and govern all creatures, actions, and things, from the greatest even to the least, by His most wise and holy providence, according to His infallible foreknowledge, and the free and immutable counsel of His own will, to the praise of the glory of His wisdom, power, justice, goodness, and mercy.

解读:

  1. 护理的定义:神持续地参与在祂的受造界中,其参与的方式是:1) 保守祂所创造之万有的存在,并维系祂所赋予它们的本质;2) 在每一个行动上,协同受造之物,使它们按其特有的本质,表现出该有的行为;3) 引导它们达成祂的目的。(古德恩《系统神学》)。「护理 providence」这个词源于拉丁语(pro-vide),意思是「预见、看向 see to that」,意思是「采取措施确保它发生」,又被译为「天命、摄理」:「我从起初指明末后的事,从古时言明未成的事,说:我的筹算必立定;凡我所喜悦的,我必成就」(赛46:10)。
  2. 00:08:10护理是创造者永恒的预定在时间里的运作,包含三个层面:
    1. 保守(Preservation)万有的存在,维系受造的本质:「常用祂权能的命令托住万有」(来1:3),「万有也靠祂而立」(西1:17),「我们生活、动作、存留,都在乎祂」(徒17:28)。神的保守、而不是持续地创造,是自然科学的基础。
    2. 协同(Concurrence)万有的行动,使它们按照各自的本质表现出该有的行为:「那位随己意行、做万事的,照着祂旨意所预定的……」(弗1:11)。没有什么事大到神无法掌控,也没有什么事小到神看不到。
    3. 统管(Government)万有的方向,引导它们达成祂的目的(弗1:11腓2:10-11):「祂的权柄统管万有」(诗103:19),「万有都是本于祂,倚靠祂,归于祂」(罗11:36)。
  3. 00:13:23护理教义的上下文:是第二至四章关于神的教义。
    • 「护理」不能被匿名化:是「神的护理」,扎根于创造者的智慧和权能,既不是异教的命运、天意或决定论,也不是自然神论或泛神论,更不是神的代名词。神的工作包括启示(第一-三章)、创造(第四章)、护理(第五章)、救赎(第六-三十三章)。
    • 「神的护理」与「神的主权」不同:「主权」指神有权利和权柄按着自己的旨意行事。而「护理」指神有智慧、有目的地施行主权,包括神一切主权行为的总和、指向与目的。
  4. 00:17:35神的护理是智慧的:使万事都服从于祂所命定的目标,「我们晓得万事都互相效力,叫爱神的人得益处,就是按祂旨意被召的人」(罗8:28)。
  5. 神的护理是圣洁的:「耶和华在祂一切所行的,无不公义;在祂一切所做的都有慈爱」(诗145:17)。即使我们暂时不明白神护理的旨意,也不意味着神的护理是不义的。
  6. 神的护理是权能的:不但不可抵挡(但4:35),而且可以通过看似卑微和愚拙的手段来成就大事:「看哪,我已使你成为有快齿打粮的新器具;你要把山岭打得粉碎,使冈陵如同糠秕」(赛41:15);「世人凭自己的智慧,既不认识神,神就乐意用人所当作愚拙的道理拯救那些信的人;这就是神的智慧了」(林前1:21)。
  7. 神的护理是为了使荣耀归给神:护理是将世界引向其最终目标,而受造物最终的目标是让神得荣耀(弗1:11-12)。
  8. 神不是用护理,而是用圣经来解释事情的原因:正如约翰·府来(John Flavel)所说的:「神的护理就像希伯来文——只能倒着读。」我们不能用「发生了什么」来回答「为何发生」,神不要我们假装能从幕后看穿真相,祂若没有在圣经中告诉我们,那我们就不应该知道、也不可能知道原因:「隐秘的事是属耶和华——我们神的;惟有明显的事是永远属我们和我们子孙的,好叫我们遵行这律法上的一切话」(申29:29)。

00:22:55二、虽然根据神的预知和定旨,也就是第一因,万事都绝不改变、毫无差错地发生(徒2:23赛14:24,27);但在同一护理之下,祂又定规它们根据必然、自发或偶然的诸般第二因而发生(创8:22耶31:35赛10:6-7出21:13申19:5王上22:28-34)。

Although in relation to the foreknowledge and decree of God, the first cause, all things come to pass immutably and infallibly, yet, by the same providence, He ordereth them to fall out according to the nature of second causes, either necessarily, freely, or contingently.

解读:

  1. 神是万有的第一因和终极因:所有第二因都从属于第一因,在神的计划中都有明确的地位。
    • 出于必然的事件,在神的护理之下,神「立白日黑夜的约、安排天地的定例」(耶33:25)。
    • 出于自发的事件,在神的护理之下,「人心多有计谋;惟有耶和华的筹算才能立定」(箴19:21)。
    • 出于偶然的事件,在神的护理之下,「签放在怀里,定事由耶和华」(箴16:33)。
    • 出于撒但的事件是在神的护理之下,圣经说「撒但起来攻击以色列人,激动大卫数点他们」(代上21:1),也说「耶和华又向以色列人发怒,就激动大卫,使他吩咐人去数点以色列人和犹大人」(撒下24:1)。
  2. 第二因彰显了神的慈爱:在实际的受造秩序中,神建立、而非废除了第二因。受造物的本性未被湮灭、自由未被践踏,因为正是神创造了受造物的本性、使他们拥有各自的因果律。次要因的力量是真实的,但却是次要的、媒介性的,完全依赖神的权能。
  3. 神的护理不妨碍人的自由:神掌管万有,但不妨碍万有的本性。神以至高的主权将诸般外因安排到一个地步,人虽然是按照自己本性的自由行事,其实也是照着神的计划而行。但人仍要为自己的行为负责,信徒并不能因着护理躺平,而因着护理与神同工,「恐惧战兢做成你们得救的工夫。因为你们立志行事都是神在你们心里运行,为要成就祂的美意」腓2:12-13)。

00:32:31三、神在祂的一般护理中使用方法(徒27:24,31,44赛55:10-11),但也随己意在不用(何1:7太4:4伯34:20)、超越(罗4:19-21)和抵触(王下6:6但3:27)那些方法的情况下自由行事。

God, in His ordinary providence, maketh use of means, yet is free to work without, above, and against them, at His pleasure.

解读:

  1. 方法:也就是自然规律。加尔文说:「神的护理并不都是以赤裸裸的面貌临到我们,从某种意义来说,神为祂的护理加上了祂所使用的方法为外衣。」
  2. 神迹:当神「在不用、超越和抵触那些方法的情况下自由行事」时,就是神迹。神迹与自然规律的运行相反,只能出于神。
  3. 有些神迹是为了证明神的仆人和启示出4:1-9王上17:23-24约2:11;3:2),「神又按自己的旨意,用神迹、奇事和百般的异能,并圣灵的恩赐,同他们作见证」(来2:4)。新约正典完成后,不再有新的启示,这些神迹也停止了。
  4. 有些神迹与神的护理有关诗107:23-24;139:14),这些神迹仍会继续(雅5:14-16),但都是为了神的荣耀、不是为人的荣耀。过度关注神迹奇事不是健康教会的指标,而是相反(太12:39;24:24约4:48林前1:22-23;14:22提后2:9-12)。「信道是从听道来的,听道是从基督的话来的」(罗10:17),圣经不但是信心的根据,而且足以「叫属神的人得以完全,预备行各样的善事」(提后3:17)。

00:38:02四、神全能的能力、难测的智慧和无限的良善,在祂的护理中彰显到一个地步,不但延及第一次堕落,以及天使和人类所有其他的罪恶(赛45:7罗11: 32-34撒下16:10徒2:23;4:27-28撒下24:1代上21:1王上22:22-23代上10:4,13-14),并且不仅仅是简单的许可(约12:40帖后2:11),而是有与之相连的至为智慧和大能的限制(诗76:10王下19:28),以及其他对之多方面的支配和统管,以达到祂自己圣洁的目的(创50:20赛10:6-7,12,13-15)。如此就说明,罪单单源于受造之物、并非神;神是至圣公义的,既不是、也不能是罪的原作者或赞许者(雅1:13-14,17约壹2:16诗50:21)。

The almighty power, unsearchable wisdom, and infinite goodness of God, so far manifest themselves in His providence, that it extendeth itself even to the first fall, and all other sins of angels and men, and that not by a bare permission, but such as hath joined with it a most wise and powerful bounding, and otherwise ordering and governing of them, in a manifold dispensation, to His own holy ends; yet so, as the sinfulness thereof proceedeth only from the creature, and not from God; who being most holy and righteous, neither is nor can be the author or approver of sin.

解读:

  1. 天使在神的护理之下:神容许一些天使故意和无可挽回地堕落到犯罪和定罪中(犹1:6);其余的则蒙拣选(提前5:21)。
  2. 恶事在神的护理之下:不但借着许可:「祂在从前的世代,任凭万国各行其道」(徒14:16);也借着限制、支配和管理:「因你向我发烈怒,又因你狂傲的话达到我耳中,我就要用钩子钩上你的鼻子,把嚼环放在你口里,使你从你来的路转回去」(王下19:28)。
  3. 神不是罪的原作者或赞许者:因为罪并不在于行为本身,而在于行为是否违背律法(约壹3:4)。例如:用石头打死亚干符合律法(书7:25),用石头打死拿伯却违背了律法(王上21:13)。人一切行为的能力和机会都出于神,但罪性却来自「世上从情欲来的败坏」(彼后1:4)。在人类所犯最恶劣的罪中,「祂既按着神的定旨先见被交与人,你们就借着无法之人的手,把祂钉在十字架上,杀了」(徒2:23)。虽然是神把自己的儿子交给人,但祂既没有教导人犯罪、也没有激发人犯罪,钉死基督的罪完全出于人自己。而这也在神的护理之下,目的是「成就祢手和祢意旨所预定必有的事」(徒4:28)。神按祂自己的美意统管整个犯罪的人类,「以达到祂自己圣洁的目的」。神从罪中把荣耀归与祂的怜悯,把罪人中的罪魁变成为使徒(提前1:12-13);也从罪中把荣耀归与祂的公义,对罪人施行审判(诗9:16)。

00:46:08五、至为智慧、公义和恩慈的神,的确常常容许祂自己的儿女暂时落在诸般诱惑和内心败坏的过程中,若不是为了惩戒他们之前的罪恶,就是为了揭露他们败坏的潜力和内心的诡诈,使他们谦卑下来(代下32:25-26,31申8:2-3,5路22:31-32撒下24:1,25);从而把他们提升到更加紧密和持续地倚靠祂自己来得扶助的地步,并使他们更加警惕防备一切未来犯罪的机会,更为在意诸般公义和圣洁的目标(林后12:7-9诗73:1-28;77:1,10-12可14:66-72约21:15-19)。

The most wise, righteous, and gracious God, doth oftentimes leave for a season His own children to manifold temptations and the corruption of their own hearts, to chastise them for their former sins, or to discover unto them the hidden strength of corruption and deceitfulness of their hearts, that they may be humbled; and to raise them to a more close and constant dependence for their support upon Himself, and to make them more watchful against all future occasions of sin, and for sundry other just and holy ends.

00:49:24六、至于那些作恶的和不敬虔的人,神作为公义的审判者,使他们都因先前的各种罪而眼瞎心硬(罗1:24,26,28;11:7-8);因此神不但对他们停止施恩,以免他们的悟性得了光照,心里明白过来(申29:4可4:11-12);有时还收回他们已有的恩赐(太13:12;25:29徒13:10-11);并把他们暴露在那些因他们的败坏会产生罪恶的事物面前(创4:8王下8:12-13太26:14-16);如此,就把他们都交给自己的私欲、世界的诱惑和撒但的权势(诗109:6路22:3帖后2:10-12);以致他们在神用来软化别人的方法之下,反而使自己变得刚硬(出8:15,32林后2:15-16赛8:14彼前2:7-8徒28:26-27)。

As for those wicked and ungodly men whom God, as a righteous judge, for former sins, doth blind and harden; from them He not only withholdeth His grace, whereby they might have been enlightened in their understandings, and wrought upon their hearts; but sometimes also withdraweth the gifts which they had; and exposeth them to such objects as their corruption makes occasion of sin; and withal, gives them over to their own lusts, the temptations of the world, and the power of Satan; whereby it comes to pass that they harden themselves, even under those means which God useth for the softening of others.

00:51:54七、既然神的护理普及万有,所以也必以最为特殊的形式眷顾祂的教会,并为教会的益处而支配万事(提前4:10摩9:8-9太16:18罗8:28赛43:3-5,14)。

As the providence of God doth, in general, reach to all creatures, so, after a most special manner, it taketh care of his church, and disposeth all things to the good thereof.

解读:

  1. 神对教会的特殊护理:神普遍施行在一切被造之物身上的护理(徒17:28),也被称为自然的统管。神施行在有理智的受造物身上的护理(申30:15-18),也被称为道德的统管。神对教会施行特殊护理:「耶和华的眼目遍察全地,要显大能帮助向祂心存诚实的人」(代下16:9)。因此,我们应当带着敬畏、谦卑、感恩的心仔细察看神的特殊护理,无论顺逆:「凡有智慧的,必在这些事上留心,也必思想耶和华的慈爱」(诗107:43)。
  2. 护理教义的应用:正如《比利时信仰告白》所说的:「这个教义给我们无法言说的安慰,因为它教我们任何事情并非偶然地发生在我们身上,而是在我们最有恩慈的天父上帝引导之下。祂以父亲般的爱照看我们,令一切受造物都在祂的权能之下,以至于『若非天父准许,我们的头发(因它们都被数过了),或是一只麻雀也不会掉落在地』 ,而我们全然信靠天父,深信祂会约束魔鬼和我们的仇敌,使他们不能在祂的旨意和许可之外伤害我们。」
    • 消极的一面:帮助信徒治死以自我为中心的罪,比如自我倚靠、不警醒祷告、焦虑、骄傲,将我们的心从自己转向神这位生命、智慧和喜乐的源泉。
    • 积极的一面:凡事谢恩、信靠,确信生命中没有运气或偶然,一切都在神的手中,应当「照着祂在我里面运用的大能尽心竭力」(西1:29)。
    • 提醒我们顺服等候,相信「神的方法最终会显出比我们的计谋更明智而且更好;与我们浅薄的自爱相比,无穷的良善更为我们的益处考虑;与我们短视的技巧相比,无穷的智慧更能为我们的益处行事。知道时间中一切瞬间的那一位,也知道如何最好地为祂的行动安排时间。」
  3. 亚米念主义对护理教义的观点:
    • 认为神的护理不包括每个细节,祂只是按人的抉择和行动作出回应。
    • 认为支持护理教义的经文都是指特定事件,并非神平常的工作方式。
    • 认为恶事不在神的护理之下,护理教义错误地要神为罪负责。
    • 认为神所促成的选择并非真实的选择,侵犯了人的自由。
    • 认为信徒应该有负责任的生活,护理教义鼓励了危险的宿命论。
  4. 持守圣经无误的保守福音派对于护理教义的不同立场:
    1. 长老会(Presbyterians)和改革宗(Christian Reformed):加尔文主义立场。
    2. 循道会(Methodists )和拿撒勒人会(Nazarenes):亚米念主义立场。
    3. 路德会(Lutherans):两种立场都有,但马丁·路德本人在此议题上持加尔文主义立场。
    4. 圣公会(Episcopalians):两种立场都有,但《三十九条》强调加尔文主义立场。
    5. 浸信会(Baptists):两种立场都有。
    6. 时代论(Dispensationalists):两种立场都有。
    7. 灵恩派(Charismatic)和五旬节派(Pentecostal):两种立场都有,但五旬节派以亚米念主义为主,如神召会〔Assemblies of God)。
    8. 播道会(Evangelical Free Churches):融合了路德会和浸信会的神学,两种立场都有。
    9. 基督的教会(the Churches of Christ):自称没有神学、只有圣经,两种立场都有。

第六章 论人的堕落、罪与刑罚 Of the Fall of Man, of Sin, and of the Punishment Thereof

一、我们的始祖起初在撒但的欺诈和试探下受诱惑,因吃了禁果而犯罪(创3:13林后11:3)。神按照祂智慧圣洁的计划,乐意允准这罪,好让这事在祂的支配下,达成祂自己荣耀的目的(参见第五章第四节)。

Our first parents, begin seduced by the subtlety and temptations of Satan, sinned in eating the forbidden fruit. This their sin God was pleased, according to His wise and holy counsel, to permit, having purposed to order it to His own glory.

解读:

  1. 神不需要为罪的存在承担责任:神不是罪的原作者和赞许者(申32:4创18:25雅1:13)。
  2. 圣经不是善恶二元论:宇宙中并不存在一个与神对立、势均力敌的邪恶势力。
  3. 罪并不让神意外:罪和罪人都在神的护理之下,罪在始祖吃禁果之前,已经出现在天使的世界了。

二、由于这罪,他们从原先的公义和与神的相交中堕落了(创3:6-8罗3:23),因此死在罪中(创2:17弗2:1-3罗5:12),灵魂和身体的所有功能和部分都被完全玷污了(创6:5耶17:9多1:15罗3:10-19)。

By this sin they fell from their original righteousness and communion with God, and so became dead in sin, and wholly defiled in all the faculties and parts of soul and body.

解读:

  1. 人类首次堕落的典型性:
    • 罪对「什么是真实的」提出了不同的答案:夏娃决心怀疑神话语的真实性(创3:4),于是以身试法。
    • 罪对「什么是正确的」提出了不同的答案:夏娃自信能评估什么是道德上正确的、什么是好的(创3:6)。
    • 罪对「我是谁」提出了不同的答案:夏娃妄想拥有神的地位(创3:5)。
    • 罪至终是非理性的:「愚顽人心里说:没有神」(诗14:1)。
  2. 全然败坏:罪人的「灵魂和身体的所有功能和部分都被完全玷污了」,没有不受罪影响的孤岛,以致「终日所思想的尽都是恶」(创6:5),「人心比万物都诡诈,坏到极处,谁能识透呢」(耶17:9),「他们心地昏昧,与神所赐的生命隔绝了,都因自己无知,心里刚硬」(弗4:18)。一切心理学、教育学和道德说教的方法都无法改善人性,使人作出蒙神悦纳的属灵良善,因为「属肉体的人不能得神的喜欢」(罗8:8)。第九章第三节进一步阐明了加尔文主义五要点(TULIP)中的「全然无能为力 Total Inability」教义。

三、他们既是人类的根源(徒17:26罗5:12,15-19林前15:21-22,49),这罪的罪债就被归给、同样的罪中之死和败坏的本性也被传给他们自然所生的所有后裔(诗51:5约3:6创5:3伯15:14)。

They being the root of mankind, the guilt of this sin was imputed, and the same death in sin and corrupted nature conveyed to all their posterity, descending from them by original generation.

解读:

  1. 「罪债 guilt」:英文里的guilt 与sin、guilty与transgression往往是同义词。但在神学里,「有罪 guilty」通常是指拉丁文的「责任 rectus」,「guilt」通常指犯罪带来的「责任 liability」,也就是因罪的缘故、对神的审判负责,所以在本信条中被译为「罪债」。
  2. 传承的罪债(inherited guilt):「这就如罪是从一人入了世界,死又是从罪来的,于是死就临到众人,因为众人都犯了罪」(罗5:12),「因一人的悖逆,众人成为罪人」(罗5:19),因为亚当是作为人类的代表与神立约,也作为人类的代表犯罪,所以亚当犯罪,神就把亚当的罪债归给所有亚当的后裔。如果我们认为由亚当来代表我们是不公平的,那么也应当认为由基督来代表我们是不公平的,因为神使用的方法是一样的:「如此说来,因一次的过犯,众人都被定罪;照样,因一次的义行,众人也就被称义得生命了。因一人的悖逆,众人成为罪人;照样,因一人的顺从,众人也成为义了」(罗5:18-19)。
  3. 传承的败坏(inherited corruption):我们都从亚当那里继承了一种有罪的性情或犯罪的倾向:「我是在罪孽里生的,在我母亲怀胎的时候就有了罪」(诗51:5),从生命的一开始,就有传承的犯罪倾向依附在我们的生命里,我们的本性是「放纵肉体的私欲,随着肉体和心中所喜好的去行,本为可怒之子」(弗2:3)。在神面前,我们的天性全然缺乏属灵的良善(耶17:9罗7:18弗4:18),我们的行为全然不能做出属灵的良善(赛64:6约15:5;6:44林前2:14)。

四、这种原初的败坏,使我们对一切良善全无意愿、毫无能力、全然对抗(罗5:6;7:18;8:7西1:21),并且完全倾向一切邪恶(创8:21;6:5罗3:10-12),以致生发了所有具体的过犯(太15:19雅1:14-15弗2:2-3)。

From this original corruption, whereby we are utterly indisposed, disabled, and made opposite to all good, and wholly inclined to all evil, do proceed all actual transgressions.

解读:

  1. 原初的败坏:又被称为罪性(sinful nature)、原罪(orginal sin)、原初的污染(orginal pollution)。我们的本性里包含一种犯罪的性情,即使什么都没做,也具有罪恶的本性,天生不肯顺从神的道德律:「恶人一出母胎就与神疏远,一离母腹便走错路,说谎话」(诗58:3)。人心中的犯罪倾向靠着神普遍的恩典(common grace)才得以抑制,包括法律的限制、良心的自责、家庭和社会的期许。
  2. 没有行善的能力,也要为罪负责:伯拉纠认为神只要求人为自己有能力做的事情负责,排除了原罪,认定罪只存在于个别的罪行中。但圣经并不认为「死在过犯罪恶之中」(弗2:1)、不能行出任何属灵善行的人,就不必为罪负责;也不认为永远只能行恶的撒但,就没有一点的罪。真正衡量我们的责任和罪的,不是人自己顺服神的能力,而是神绝对完全的律法和圣洁。

五、这种本性的败坏,今生仍然残留那些已被重生的人里面(箴20:9传7:20罗7:14,17-18,21-23约壹1:8,10);虽然它借着基督得蒙赦免、受到抑制,但它本身及所引发的一切行动,仍是实在而具体的罪(罗7:7-8,25加5:17)。

This corruption of nature, during this life, doth remain in those that are regenerated; and although it be through Christ pardoned and mortified, yet both itself, and all the motions thereof, are truly and properly sin.

解读:

  1. 「败坏的残余」比「旧我」更贴切,因为人里面并非有两个「我」。
  2. 具体的罪,被称为「本罪 actual sin」。

六、每一种罪,无论是原罪或本罪,都触犯并违背了神的公义律法(约壹3:4),就其本质而言,都会给罪人带来罪债(罗2:15;3:9,19),使他在神的忿怒(弗2:3)和律法的咒诅(加3:10)下无可遁形,从而成为死亡的猎物(罗6:23),并经受一切心灵的(弗4:18)、现世的(罗8:20哀3:39)和永恒的(太 25:41帖后1:9)愁苦。

Every sin, both original and actual, being a transgression of the righteous law of God, and contrary thereunto, doth, in its own nature, bring guilt upon the sinner, whereby he is bound over to the wrath of God, and curse of the law, and so made subject to death, with all miseries spiritual, temporal, and eternal.

解读:

  1. 罪的本质是「触犯并违背了神的公义律法」:
    • 罪不是罪的表现:有人认为,罪就是自私,但许多献身于虚假宗教和世俗理想的罪人很无私,神也没让我们不关心自己的益处(太6:20结33:11)。有人认为,罪就是拜偶像。有人认为,罪就是借着避免犯罪、以回避主耶稣。还有人认为,罪是绝望地拒绝在你与神的关系和事奉中寻找你的最深身份,罪是寻求成为自己、在神之外获得一个身份。这些都是罪的表现,但却不是罪的本质。任何在神的律法之外定义罪的尝试,都会导致以偏概全、淡化罪的严重性,使人对罪的本质和救恩的价值含糊不清,最终偏离福音。
    • 罪不是善:神的护理胜过罪,有能力透过罪来成就祂的旨意、祂的救赎计划和祂的荣耀,但这并不是说罪在本质上是善的。因此,人不可「仍在罪中、叫恩典显多」(罗6:1),既不可借着作恶来显明恩典,也不可借着作恶来行善。
    • 罪不是善的缺乏:罪是实际存在的,既不是幻觉,也不是「缺欠、限制、缺少什么」,而是包括一颗堕落、败坏、邪恶的心。正如飓风不是微风的缺失,恶也不是「善的缺乏」(奥古斯丁使用的新柏拉图主义观念),而是善的相反:「耶和华本为善」(诗100:5)。
    • 罪不是必须的:恶(坏)是与善(好)的相反,但善并非只是恶的相反。这种说法实际上认为罪是必须的、道德的邪恶是必须的,因为无恶便无善。但在神的创造中并没有恶,祂「看着一切所造的都甚好」(创1:31)。
    • 罪的定义:「凡犯罪的,就是违背律法;违背律法就是罪」(约壹3:4),包括做律法禁止做的事、不做律法要求做的事:「人若知道行善,却不去行,这就是他的罪了」(雅4:17)。古德恩《系统神学》中的定义是:「罪就是没有在行为、心态或本性上顺从神的道德律」。这个定义强调了罪的严重性:罪不只是带来痛苦和毁灭而已,罪根本就是错的,直接敌对了一切神本性上的美善,是道德性的邪恶。
  2. 罪是道德性的邪恶:
    • 并非所有的恶都是罪。只有道德性的邪恶,才是罪。许多恶只是罪的后果。死是罪的工价,但死亡本身并不有罪。疾病、灾难本身也不是罪。「面对神的忿怒和律法的咒诅,从而承受死亡的命运,经受一切心灵的、短暂的和永恒的愁苦」是一种恶,但「神的忿怒和律法的咒诅」并不因此有罪。
    • 律法是定罪的准则。若没有是非的标准,谈论罪是没有意义的。判断是否有罪的最高道德准则,不是人的道德观念、不是抽象的善、也不是大多数人的最高好处,而是神的律法。神的律法约束人的良心,这种约束是无条件的,不受任何外在因素或附加因素的影响。罪不是不智慧、不幸、灾难,而是干犯了律法,因此是错的、不应该的。
    • 律法是定罪的唯一准则。人的权柄若是正当行使了神所赐的权柄,没有违背神的律法,那么不听从就是罪(罗13:1-7);人的权柄若是违背了神的律法,我们就不能听从人(徒4:19);人的权柄若是超过了神的权柄,但并没有要求我们违背神的律法,我们不遵守并不是罪,既可以凭良心顺服或不顺服。神是良心的唯一主宰,我们若听从良心,就是承认神所设立的权柄。事情的处境、条件都可能影响神的律法如何应用,但并不能决定什么是神的律法。
    • 律法是绝对的。因为这命令的约束力来自赐律法者的权柄,也就是神的主权、神的本性;神的律法就是神本性的彰显,是为了管理人的思想与行为,以符合祂的美善与本性。神的律法不是「理性之律」,不是康德所说的本质上的「绝对道德命令」,它们的约束力只是来自人自己。
    • 爱并没有废除律法。有人认为,爱已经废除了律法、超越了律法,因此,基督徒的唯一律法就是爱本身。但实际并非如此,主耶稣乃是说:「你要尽心、尽性、尽意爱主——你的神……其次也相仿,就是要爱人如己。这两条诫命是律法和先知一切道理的总纲」(太22:37-40)。祂并不是说,爱神爱人废除了律法;也不是说,爱神爱人取代了律法。保罗说:「爱就完全了律法」(罗13:10),可是爱本身不是律法。爱本身不是独立的,而是激励人成全律法,若是没有爱,就不能遵守律法。爱本身并不能诠释那些管理爱的准则,所以离开律法就没有爱,若不遵守律法就没有爱。
  3. 罪「就其本质而言,都会给罪人带来罪债」:
    • 罪在本质上与神的圣洁是对立的:神必然地、永远地恨恶罪,罪人必须在神的审判面前为自己的罪承担责任和后果。
    • 罪必带来污秽(pollution):罪来自内心的污秽,「因为一生的果效是由心发出」(箴4:23)。人若没有堕落、败坏的心,就没有罪。一项罪行若是孤立起来,从它的起源、即人心抽离,就会成为一个抽象的意志行动、抽象的道德观念,不是真实存在的。
    • 罪必导致定罪(blame):当一个人违反了神的律法时,是应当被定罪的,而有些伦理学、心理学或辅导学的倾向却是帮人找借口。但在神面前,无论是违背(commission)律法(约壹3:4),还是忽略(omission)义务(雅4:17利5:1),犯罪者都必须被定罪。
    • 罪必承担责任(liability):罪人必须为自己的罪承担责任和后果,面对过错引致的惩罚。神的审判是必然的,因为罪的本质就是否定神和神的本性,所以神对罪的回应必定是不悦、咒诅与忿怒,因为「祂不能背乎自己」(提后2:13),对否定祂的事漠不关心。有些人只是从人的角度出发,强调罪是令人讨厌的、应当憎恶的、肮脏的;但罪不只是人不喜欢,更要面临神的忿怒和咒诅。
    • 罪有轻重之分:从法定的罪债来看,所有的罪都同样得罪神,工价同样是死,所以都一样糟(雅2:10-11加3:10)。从罪对个人和他人的伤害、以及对个人与神关系的破坏来看,有些罪比其他的罪更糟(民15:30结8:15雅3:1)。

第七章 论神与人所立的约 Of God’s Covenant with Man

一、神与受造物之间的差距是如此之大,以致虽然有理性的受造物本当把祂作为自己的造物主来顺服,但他们永远不可能从祂那里得着祝福和赏赐,除非是神那方自愿屈尊俯就,而祂也乐意用立约的方式表明(赛40:13-17伯9:32-33诗113:5,6伯22:2,3;35:7-8路17:10徒17:24-25)。

The distance between God and the creature is so great, that although reasonable creatures do owe obedience unto Him as their Creator, yet they could never have any fruition of Him, as their blessedness and reward, but by some voluntary condescension on God’s part, which He hath been pleased to express by way of covenant.

解读:

  1. 圣经中神与人之「约」的定义:「圣约乃是神与人之间不可改变的、由神所加诸的法律协定;这协定规定出他们之间关系的条件。」(古德恩《系统神学》)
  2. 圣约是不可改变的:虽然圣经历史指明了神与人所立诸约中许多的细节,但核心内容都是同一个应许:「我要作你们的神,你们要作我的子民」(利26:12耶31:33结27:27林后6:16来8:10创17:7启21:3)。这就是神说「我爱你」的方式,前半句是福音、是恩典;后半句是律法、是诫命。圣约是福音与律法的合一,神的命令一定带着应许、应许一定带着命令。
  3. 圣约是由神单方面加诸的:约就是人与神关系的名字,人与神的关系由神的主权来定义、保证、维持。约是神单方面主权执行的血盟(A covenant is a bond in blood sovereignly administered.),应许就是自我咒诅的誓约(Promise: self-maledictory oath,创15:8-18)。「祂又将这约向雅各定为律例,向以色列定为永远的约」(诗105:10),神「立白日黑夜的约」,等于「安排天地的定例」(耶33:25),圣约与律例、定例是同义词,并非合同、协议,人不能与神商量或改变约里的条件,只能选择接受或拒绝。信徒与神的关系好坏不在于感觉,而在于是否守约。
  4. 圣约是有条件的:人的本分是信靠神、常常悔改、遵行神的话。守约是人享受约中福分的条件,不是约是否存在、是否施行的条件。相反,约的存在是守约的前提。
  5. 圣约是多元统一的:亚当起始之约(创2:15-17何6:7)、挪亚保存之约(创8:1-17)、亚伯拉罕应许之约(创15:8-18)、摩西律法之约(出24:1-11)、大卫国度之约(撒下7:12-16)、基督所成新约(耶31:31路22:20),内容都是一致的。前约是后约的基础,后约延续并扩大了前约,并没有废除或取代前约,而是代代相传。
  6. 圣约与国度:圣经时代的君王透过国际性条约来扩张国度,这些古代的条约和圣约之间有很多平行之处,如:神与亚当、挪亚、亚伯拉罕、摩西、大卫所立的约。这些相似性表明,圣约是神在地上扩展祂国度的一种方式。每个圣约都推展前一个圣约的原则,强调神的国度在某个救赎历史阶段的要求。
  7. 创造秩序之约:神与自然的关系体现为创造秩序之约:「耶和华如此说:你们若能废弃我所立白日黑夜的约,使白日黑夜不按时轮转,就能废弃我与我仆人大卫所立的约」(耶33:20-21, 25-26 )。

二、第一个与人所立的约是行为之约(创2:16-17何6:7加3:12),在这约里,生命被应许给亚当,并且在他里面给他的后裔(创3:22罗10:5;5:12-14,15-20),条件是完全的、个人的顺服(创2:17加3:10)。

The first covenant made with man was a covenant of works, wherein life was promised to Adam, and in him to his posterity, upon condition of perfect and personal obedience.

解读:

  1. 行为之约又被称为创造之约(Covenant of Creation)、自然之约(Covenant of Nature)、亚当之约(Adamic Covenant),这个名字是指:人若要得到约里的祝福,就必须靠顺服或行为。但行为之约并非没有恩典的成分,神与人立约本身就是恩典。
  2. 虽然创世记1-3章并没有使用约这个字,但出现了约的所有重要部分:1)立约的各方(创2:15);2)具有法定约束力的条款,规定立约者之间关系的条件(创1:28-30;2:15);3)应许顺服就会蒙福(创2:9);4)规定蒙福的条件(创2:16-17);5)生命树是约的外在记号,虽然果子未必有神奇的性质,但神借此保证内在的实质必会发生(创3:22)。
  3. 先知何西阿在提及以色列的罪时说:「他们却如亚当背约」(何6:7),将亚当看作处于约的关系之下,但他违背了那约。
  4. 使徒保罗将亚当和基督看为他们所代表之人的元首(罗5:12-21),表明亚当在堕落前与神处于约的关系中。
  5. 行为之约至今对于不在基督里的人仍然有效:人若能完全顺服神的诫命,的确可以活着(罗7:10;10:5加3:12),而罪的工价仍然是死(罗6:23)。
  6. 信徒已经脱离了行为之约,因为基督为我们完全地顺服了行为之约,祂没有犯过罪(彼前2:22),代表我们完全地顺从了父神(罗5:18-19)。由于基督工作的功效,信徒已经被涵盖在恩典之约中。

三、人因着堕落,使自己再无能力借着那约得生命,主就乐意设立第二个约(加3:21罗3:20-21;8:3创3:15赛42:6),通常被称为恩典之约——在这约里,祂借着耶稣基督将生命和拯救白白赐给罪人,要求他们信靠祂、使他们可以得救(约3:16罗10:6,9启22:17),并应许将祂的圣灵赐给所有被命定得生命的人,使他们愿意、并且能够相信(徒13:48结36:26-27约6:37,44-45林前12:3)。

Man by his fall having made himself incapable of life by that covenant, the Lord was pleased to make a second, commonly called the covenant of grace: wherein He freely offered unto sinners life and salvation by Jesus Christ, requiring of them faith in Him, that they may be saved, and promising to give unto all those that are ordained unto life, His Holy Spirit, to make them willing and able to believe.

解读:

  1. 恩典之约又被称为救赎之约(Covenant of Redemption),这个名字是指:这个约全然根据神的恩典、而非人的功德。但恩典之约并非没有行为的因素,因为恩典虽然是白白的,但圣约却是有条件的:人有信靠、顺服的本分,神的拣选和人的自由并无矛盾。神安排基督用顺服的行为成就了救赎,也要求人必须用自由意志回应神的选召、接受祂的恩典。救恩是靠恩典,审判是凭行为,恩典之约成全了行为之约的目的。
  2. 耶稣基督是恩典之约的实体:恩典之约里所有的预言和仪式,都在基督里得到了成全和应验,神救赎的旨意完全成就在基督身上。恩典之约的核心思想就是「以马内利(神与我们同在)」(太1:23赛7:14),应许的永生就是永远与神同在:「我要作你们的神,你们要作我的子民」(利26:12)。在行为之约里,神人之间没有中保。在恩典之约里。神使基督作「众民的中保」、「众民的约」(赛42:6原文),祂就是约的主、就是以马内利,祂为人履行了约里的条件、使人与神和好,一人成就了「我要作你们的神,你们要作我的子民」。
  3. 人已经全然败坏:「因着堕落,使自己再无能力借着那约得生命」,自由意志已经被罪污染,不能选择善恶,只能选择大恶和小恶、此恶与彼恶。因此,在被拣选者能用自由意志作出选择之前,圣灵首先要重生他们,「使他们愿意、并且能够相信」。这并不是圣灵强迫人,而是打开人盲目的心眼。有人认为,「人愿不愿意相信的开关是安在心灵门户的里边,圣徒、圣子、圣经、圣灵只能从外面不断叩门」,但实际上,神有权柄、也有意愿直接改造人的心灵,正如祂所宣告的:「我也要赐给你们一个新心,将新灵放在你们里面,又从你们的肉体中除掉石心,赐给你们肉心」(结36:26)。
  4. 人进入恩典之约的条件是信心:即相信弥赛亚救主的工作(罗1:17;5:1;4:1-15)。
  5. 人留在恩典之约的条件是顺服:如果我们对基督的信心是真实的,那么它一定会产生顺服(雅2:17约壹2:4-6)。

四、这恩典之约,在圣经中常被称为遗命,是指立遗命者耶稣基督的死,并指由遗命留下的永恒产业、以及属于这产业的一切(来9:15-17)。

This covenant of grace is frequently set forth in the Scripture by the name of a testament, in reference to the death of Jesus Christ, the testator, and to the everlasting inheritance, with all things belonging to it, therein bequeathed.

解读:

  1. 旧约七十士译本并没有使用希腊文用来表达双方平等的契约(contract)或合同(agreement)的synthēkē,而是选用了较少见的、通常用来指遗嘱的diathēkē。但这并不是说约就是遗嘱,而是强调约的条款就像遗嘱一样,由立遗嘱者单方面设定,并且在生效之后不能更改。出埃及记也用君臣关系来表达恩典之约。
  2. 立遗嘱者是代表自己死,但基督不是代表自己死,而是代替背约的罪人死,作为逾越节的羔羊担当约里的咒诅。因此,基督的死是约式的、不是遗嘱式的(His death was covenantal, not testamentary.)。

五、这约在律法时代和福音时代(林后3:6-9)的施行方式不同——在律法之下,它是通过应许、预言、献祭、割礼、逾越节羔羊,以及其他传给犹太人的预表和条例施行,都预表那将要来的基督(来8-10罗4:11西2:11-12林前5:7);当时,这些通过圣灵的运行,充足、有效地教导并建立选民对所应许之弥赛亚的信心(林前10:1-4来11:13约8:56),知道他们借着祂将得到完全的赦罪和永远的拯救。这种施行方式被称为旧约(加3:7-9,14诗32:1-2,5)。

This covenant was differently administered in the time of the law, and in the time of the gospel: under the law it was administered by promises, prophecies, sacrifices, circumcision, the paschal lamb, and other types and ordinances delivered to the people of the Jews, all fore-signifying Christ to come, which were for that time sufficient and efficacious, through the operation of the Spirit, to instruct and build up the elect in faith in the promised Messiah, by whom they had full remission of sins, and eternal salvation, and is called the Old Testament.

解读:

  1. 在旧约时代,选民进入恩典之约的外在记号是割礼,持续恩典之约的记号是遵守耶和华的节期和礼仪律。
  2. 圣约的教义揭示了旧约历史的统一性和渐进性,使讲道、读经都能以神为中心、以基督为中心:避免只看到经文的时代背景,却忽略了神在救赎历史整体中的作为和启示;或者只看到道德的劝勉,却错过了经文所见证的基督(约5:39);或者为了避免流于道德化,走投无路地用灵意解经把基督强行塞进经文里。

六、在福音之下,当基督本体显明出来了(西2:17),施行此约的条例就在于圣道的宣讲、洗礼和圣餐之圣礼的施行(林前1:21太28:19-20林前11:23-25);虽然这些的次数较少,施行起来更加简单而不铺张,但这约在其中却以更丰富、更明确、更具属灵功效(来12:22-24林后3:9-11耶31:33-34)的方式显明给万民,包括犹太人和外邦人(路2:32徒10:34弗2:15-19)。这种施行方式被称为新约(路22:20)。因此,并没有两个本质不同的恩典之约,而是同一个约的不同施行方式(加3:8-9,14,16罗3:21-23,30罗4:3,6-8创15:6诗32:1-2罗4:16-17,23-24来4:2罗10:6-10林前10:3-4)。

Under the gospel, when Christ the substance was exhibited, the ordinances in which this covenant is dispensed, are the preaching of the Word, and the administration of the sacraments of baptism and the Lord’s Supper; which, though fewer in number, and administered with more simplicity and less outward glory, yet in them it is held forth in more fullness, evidence, and spiritual efficacy, to all nations, both Jews and Gentiles; and is called the New Testament. There are not, therefore, two covenants of grace differing in substance, but one and the same under various dispensations.

解读:

  1. 在新约时代,选民进入恩典之约的记号是洗礼,持续恩典之约关系的记号是主的晚餐。
  2. 恩典之约不同的施行方式并非彼此取代:而是有机的关系,后来的扩大了先前的。如果我们不把创3:15之后所有的经文看作同一个恩典之约的不同施行,就会把圣经分成按不同原则管理的不同时代,从而在新旧约之间人为制造许多矛盾之处。
  3. 圣约的教义是神学中最重要的内容:一个没有约的神,不是圣经所启示的神;一个不守圣约的人,也不是神的子民。司布真说:「圣约的教义是所有真正神学的根基。有人说,谁能真正明白行为之约和恩典之约的区别,谁就是神学大师。我深信,人们在圣经教义上所犯的大部分错误,都源自与行为之约和恩典之约有关的根基错误。The Doctrine of the Divine Covenant lies at the root of all true theology. It has been said that he who well understands the distinction between the Covenant of Works and the Covenant of Grace is a master of divinity. I am persuaded that most of the mistakes which men make concerning the Doctrines of Scripture are based upon fundamental errors with regard to the Covenants of Law and of Grace. 」可以说:改革宗神学就是圣约神学,加尔文主义五要点只是救恩的教义。
  4. 真正的复兴只能始于回归圣约:
    • 有人认为:旧约所强调的行为,与因信称义是不相容的。但圣约的教义让我们看到:因信称义在新旧约都是得救的唯一道路,整本圣经都要求人要有好行为,因为得救的信心总是会结出顺服的果子(雅2:26),教会的复兴首先要回归圣约(代下34:30-32)。
    • 有人认为:传福音是教会的最高任务,爱心和谦卑是信徒的最高标准。但圣约的教义让我们看到:神是在恩典之约里施行救恩,我们若不在圣约的架构里讲明福音,不把律法作为守约的客观标准,就不能正确理解基督的舍己之爱和柔和谦卑,传福音就会沦落成为推销主观性的、情绪性的、抽象化的「廉价福音」,不但会失去圣约应许的祝福,而且必承担背约的咒诅。
    • 有人认为:旧约选民与神集体的关系,被新约信徒与神个人的关系取代了。但圣约的教义让我们看到:旧约和新约都说到个人和团体与神的关系,圣约始终是神与一群人的关系,圣约团体的合一,首先是与神的合一。信徒的家庭和新旧约的有形教会都是圣约的团体,信主就是进入圣约之中,信徒的儿女一出生就在圣约之中。
    • 有人认为:旧约的国度是地上的,新约的国度是属灵的。但圣约的教义让我们看到:神的国度始终既是属灵的、也是地上的,信徒必须同时在属灵的领域和地上的领域拓展神的国度、扩展基督的王权。

第八章 论中保基督 Of Christ the Mediator

一、神在祂永恒的旨意中,乐意拣选并命定祂的独生子主耶稣,作为神与人之间的中保(赛42:1彼前1:19-20约3:16提前2:5)、先知(徒3:20,22申18:15)、祭司(来5:5-6)、君王(诗2:6路1:33赛9:5-6徒2:29-36西1:13)、教会的元首和救主(弗5:23)、万有的承受者(来1:2),以及世界的审判者(徒17:31);从永恒里,祂就将一个族类赐给祂作为后裔(约17:6诗22:30赛53:10弗1:4),并使他们在时间里被祂救赎、呼召、称义、成圣、赐荣耀(提前2:6赛55:4-5林前1:30罗8:30)。

It pleased God, in His eternal purpose, to choose and ordain the Lord Jesus, His only-begotten Son, to be the mediator between God and men, the prophet, priest, and king; the head and Savior of the church, the heir of all things, and judge of the world; unto whom He did, from all eternity, give a people to be His seed, and to be by Him in time redeemed, called, justified, sanctified, and glorified.

解读:

二、神的儿子,三位一体中的第二个位格,是真正和永恒的神,与父本质相同、地位同等,当日期满足的时候,祂就取了人的本性(约1:1,14约壹5:20腓2:6加4:4),具有人基本的属性和共有的软弱,只是没有罪(加2:7来2:14,16-17;4:15)——祂因着圣灵的大能,在童贞女马利亚腹中成孕,取了她的本质 (路1:27,31,35加4:4太1:18,20-21)。如此,神性和人性这两种完整、完美、却截然不同的本性,不可分割地结合在一个位格里面,没有转化、混合、混乱(太16:16西2:9罗9:5提前3:16)。这个位格既是真正的神、也是真正的人,然而只是一位基督、神与人之间的惟一中保(罗1:3-4提前2:5)。

The Son of God, the second person in the Trinity, being very and eternal God, of one substance, and equal with the Father, did, when the fullness of time was come, take upon Him man’s nature, with all the essential properties and common infirmities thereof; yet without sin: being conceived by the power of the Holy Ghost, in the womb of the Virgin Mary, of her substance. So that two whole, perfect, and distinct natures, the Godhead and the manhood, were inseparably joined together in one person, without conversion, composition, or confusion. Which person is very God and very man, yet one Christ, the only mediator between God and man.

解读:

三、主耶稣在祂如此与神性联合的人性中,被圣灵分别为圣、无限量地恩膏(诗45:7约3:34赛61:1路4:18来1:8-9);在祂里面蕴藏着一切智慧和知识(西2:3),父喜欢叫一切的丰盛在祂里面居住(西1:19)——使祂圣洁、无邪恶、无玷污、满有恩典和真理(来7:26约1:14),得以成全完备,胜任中保和担保人的职分(徒10:38来12:24;7:22)。这职分原不是祂自己自取的,乃是祂父所呼召的(来5:4-5),父将一切权柄和审判都交在祂手里,又命令祂去执行(约5:22,27太28:18徒2:36)。

The Lord Jesus in His human nature thus united to the divine, was sanctified and anointed with the Holy Spirit above measure; having in Him all the treasures of wisdom and knowledge, in whom it pleased the Father that all fullness should dwell: to the end that being holy, harmless, undefiled, and full of grace and truth, He might be thoroughly furnished to execute the office of a mediator and surety. Which office He took not unto himself, but was thereunto called by His Father; who put all power and judgment into His hand, and gave Him commandment to execute the same.

解读:

四、主耶稣甘心情愿地承担了这一职分(诗40:7-8来10:5-10约4:34;10:18腓2:8);为了履行这职分,祂被安排生在律法之下(加4:4),并且完美地履行了它(太3:15;5:17来5:8-9);祂的灵魂直接忍受了最严重的折磨(太26:37-38路22:44太27:46),祂的身体忍受了最痛苦的苦楚(太26:67-68;27:27-50);被钉十字架而死去(可15:24,37腓2:8);被埋葬,处于死亡的权势之下,却未见朽坏(太27:60徒2:24,27;13:29,37罗6:9)。祂第三天从死里复活(林前15:3-4),带着祂受难时的同一个身体(路24:39约20:25,27);也带着这个身体升天,坐在祂父的右边(路24:50-51彼前3:22),为我们代祷(罗8:34来7:25;9:24);并要在世界的末了回来审判人类和天使(徒1:11约5:28-29罗14:10徒10:42太13:40-42犹1:6彼后2:4)。

This office the Lord Jesus did most willingly undertake, which, that He might discharge, He was made under the law, and did perfectly fulfill it; endured most grievous torments immediately in His soul, and most painful sufferings in His body; was crucified and died; was buried, and remained under the power of death, yet saw no corruption. On the third day He arose from the dead, with the same body in which He suffered; with which also He ascended into heaven, and there sitteth at the right hand of His Father, making intercession; and shall return to judge men and angels, at the end of the world.

解读:

五、主耶稣以自己的完全顺服和献上自己为祭,借着永远的灵一次献给神,完全满足了祂父的公义(罗5:19来9:14;10:14弗5:2罗3:25-26),不但为所有那些祂父所赐给祂的人买得了和好,而且买得了天国中永恒的基业。(但9:24,26林后5:18西1:20弗1:11,14来9:12,15约17:2)。

The Lord Jesus, by His perfect obedience and sacrifice of Himself, which He through the eternal Spirit once offered up unto God, hath fully satisfied the justice of His Father; and purchased not only reconciliation, but an everlasting inheritance in the kingdom of heaven, for all those whom the Father hath given unto Him.

解读:

六、虽然基督的救赎之工要到祂道成肉身以后才实际完成,但其功德、效果和恩惠,却通过那些应许、预表和献祭,从世界之初就在所有的时代中陆续传递给被拣选者。借着这些应许、预表和献祭,祂被启示、并被指明就是那位要伤蛇之头的女人的后裔,也是那从世界之初就被杀的羔羊,昨日今日一直不变、直到永远(加4:4-5创3:15林前10:4启13:8来13:8罗3:25来9:15)。

Although the work of redemption was not actually wrought by Christ till after His incarnation, yet the virtue, efficacy, and benefits thereof were communicated into the elect, in all ages successively from the beginning of the world, in and by those promises, types, and sacrifices wherein He was revealed, and signified to be the seed of the woman, which should bruise the serpent’s head, and the Lamb slain from the beginning of the world, being yesterday and today the same and forever.

解读:

七、基督在中保的工作中,按照双重本性行事;借每种本性做适合该本性的事(约10:17-18彼前3:18来1:3;9:14);但是,由于位格的合一性,在圣经中,某一本性所特有的,有时会把被归于另一本性所指定的位格(徒20:28路1:43罗9:5)。

Christ, in the work of mediation, acteth according to both natures; by each nature doing that which is proper to itself; yet by reason of the unity of the person, that which is proper to one nature is sometimes, in Scripture, attributed to the person denominated by the other nature.

解读:

八、对所有已经被基督买赎的人,祂确实地、有效地将这救赎实施在他们身上、并且传递给他们(约6:37,39;10:15-16,27-28);为他们代求(约壹2:1罗8:34),使用圣道、借着圣道向他们启示救恩的奥秘(约15:15弗1:9约17:6);借着祂的灵,有效地劝服他们相信并顺从;借着祂的圣道和圣灵,管理他们的心(约14:16林后4:13罗8:9,14 ;15:18-19约17:17);并以祂全能的能力和智慧,按照与祂奇妙莫测计划最为相符的方式和方法,胜过他们的一切仇敌(诗110:1林前15:25,26西2:15路10:19)。

To all those for whom Christ hath purchased redemption, He doth certainly and effectually apply and communicate the same; making intercession for them, and revealing unto them, in and by the Word, the mysteries of salvation; effectually persuading them by His Spirit to believe and obey; and governing their hearts by His Word and Spirit; overcoming all their enemies by His almighty power and wisdom, in such manner and ways as are most consonant to His wonderful and unsearchable dispensation.

解读:

  1. 基督在十字架上确实地为被拣选者成就了救赎,而不是提供了得救的可能性和机会。所以祂不是发给人类一张空白支票、让人自己填上,而是借着圣灵把救恩实施在被拣选者身上。

第九章 论自由意志 Of Free Will

一、神赋予人的意志以本性的自由,这种自由既不是被迫、也不是因本性的任何绝对必要性而决定行善或作恶(雅1:14申30:19赛7:11-12太17:12约5:40雅4:7)。

God hath endued the will of man with that natural liberty, that is neither forced, nor by any absolute necessity of nature determined to good or evil.

解读:

二、人在无罪的状态中,有自由和能力立志、并且行神所喜悦的善(传7:29创1:26,31西3:10);但这又是可变的,所以他可能从那种状态中堕落(创2:16-17;3:6,17)。

Man, in his state of innocency, had freedom and power to will and to do that which is good and well-pleasing to God; but yet mutably, so that he might fall from it.

解读:

三、人因为堕入罪的状态里,已经完全丧失所有立志行出任何关乎得救的属灵之善的能力罗8:7-8约6:44,65;15:5罗5:5);因此,一个属血气的人既完全厌弃那善(罗3:9-10,12,23)、且死在罪中(弗2:1,5西2:13),就不能靠自己的力量自我归正,或为此自我预备(约6:44,65;3:3,5-6林前2:14多3:3-5)。

Man, by his fall into a state of sin, hath wholly lost all ability of will to any spiritual good accompanying salvation; so as a natural man, being altogether averse from that good, and dead in sin, is not able, by his own strength, to convert himself, or to prepare himself thereunto.

解读:

四、当神使一个罪人归正,并把他迁入恩典的状态里,就是把他从罪恶本性的捆绑中释放出来(西1:13约8:34,36罗6:6-7),单单借着神的恩典,使他能自由立志、行出属灵之善(腓2:13罗6:14,17-19,22);然而,因为他还具有残余的败坏,所以他不但不能完全或专一地立志向善,反而还能立志向恶(加5:17罗7:14-25约壹1:8,10)。

When God converts a sinner and translates Him into the state of grace, He freeth him from his natural bondage under sin, and, by His grace alone, enables him freely to will and to do that which is spiritually good; yet so as that, by reason of his remaining corruption, he doth not perfectly, nor only, will that which is good, but doth also will that which is evil.

解读:

五、人的意志只有在荣耀的状态里,才会被赋予完全不变、单单向善的自由(来12:23约壹3:2犹1:24启21:27)。

The will of man is made perfectly and immutably free to good alone, in the state of glory only.

解读:

第十章 论有效的呼召 Of Effectual Calling

一、只有一切神已经预定得生命的人,祂乐意在祂所定合宜的时候,借着祂的圣道和圣灵(帖后2:13-14雅1:18林后3:3,6林前2:12),有效地呼召他们(徒13:48罗8:28,30;11:7弗1:5,11提后1:9-10),使他们脱离本性上的罪和死的状态,并通过耶稣基督得着恩典和拯救(提后1:9-10彼前2:9罗8:2弗2:1-10)——在属灵与得救的事上光照他们的心思,以致能明白属神的事(徒26:18林前2:10,12弗1:17-18林后4:6);除掉他们的石心,赐给他们一颗肉心(结36:26);更新他们的意志,用祂全能的能力使他们决定向善(结11:19申30:6结36:27约3:5多3:5彼前1:23),并有效地吸引他们归向耶稣基督(约6:44-45徒16:14)。然而,他们的归向是完全自由的,因为祂的恩典使他们心甘情愿(诗110:3约6:37太11:28启22:17罗6:16-18弗2:8腓1:29)。

All those whom God hath predestinated unto life, and those only, He is pleased, in His appointed and accepted time, effectually to call, by His Word and Spirit, out of that state of sin and death in which they are by nature, to grace and salvation by Jesus Christ: enlightening their minds, spiritually and savingly, to understand the things of God, taking away their heart of stone, and giving unto them an heart of flesh; renewing their wills, and by His almighty power determining them to that which is good; and effectually drawing them to Jesus Christ; yet so as they come most freely, being made willing by His grace.

解读:

二、这有效的呼召惟独出于神白白而特别的恩典,并非来自人里面的任何可被预见之事(提后1:9弗2:8-9罗9:11);人在其中是完全被动的,要等到被圣灵唤醒和更新以后(林前2:14罗8:7-9多3:4-5),才能对这呼召作出回应,接受所赐、所传的恩典(约6:37结36:27约壹5:1;3:9)。

This effectual call is of God’s free and special grace alone, not from any thing at all foreseen in man, who is altogether passive therein, until, being quickened and renewed by the Holy Spirit, he is thereby enabled to answer this call, and to embrace the grace offered and conveyed in it.

解读:

三、婴儿期夭折的蒙拣选婴孩,是被基督借着圣灵重生和拯救(创17:7路18:15-16徒2:39约3:3,5约壹5:12路1:15),圣灵何时、何处、如何做工,都随己意(约3:8)。所有其他无法借着圣道的传讲蒙外在呼召的选民,也是如此(约16:7-8约壹5:12徒4:12)。

Elect infants, dying in infancy, are regenerated and saved by Christ through the Spirit, who work-eth when, and where, and how He pleaseth. So also are all other elect persons who are incapable of being outwardly called by the ministry of the Word.

解读:

四、其他未蒙拣选者,虽然他们可能被圣道的职事呼召(太13:14-15徒28:24;13:48太22:14),也可能经历一些圣灵的一般运行(太13:20-21;7:22来6:4-5),但他们从未真正来到基督面前,因此无法得救(约6:37,64-66;8:44;13:18;17:12)——更何况那些不承认基督信仰的人,更不能靠任何其他方式得救,不管他们何等殷勤地按照自然之光和他们所信奉的宗教规条来安排生活(徒4:12约壹4:2-3约贰1:9约14:6弗2:12-13约4:22;17:3罗10:13-17);若肯定和坚持他们可能得救,乃是非常有害、极其可憎的(约贰1:9-11林前16:22加1:6-8)。

Others, not elected, although they may be called by the ministry of the Word, and may have some common operations of the Spirit, yet they never truly come to Christ, and therefore cannot be saved: much less can men, not professing the Christian religion, be saved in any other way whatsoever, be they never so diligent to frame their lives according to the light of nature, and the law of that religion they do profess; and to assert and maintain that they may, is very pernicious, and to be detested.

解读:

第十一章 论称义 Of Justification

一、凡蒙神有效呼召的人,祂也白白地称他们为义(罗8:30;3:24;5:15-16)——不是通过将义注入他们里面,而是通过赦免他们的罪,算他们为义、接纳他们为义人;不是因为他们里面有什么,也不是因为他们做了什么,而是单单因着基督的缘故;不是将信心本身、相信的行动或任何其他对福音的顺服归算为他们的义,而是将基督的顺服和成就归算给他们(罗4:5-8林后5:19,21罗3:22-28多3:5,7弗1:7耶23:6林前1:30-31罗5:17-19),他们凭着信心接受并倚靠祂和祂的义。这信心不是出于他们自己,乃是神的恩赐(约1:12徒10:43;13:38,39腓3:9弗2:7-8约6:44-45,65腓1:29)。

Those whom God effectually calleth, He also freely justifieth: not by infusing righteousness into them, but by pardoning their sins, and by accounting and accepting their persons as righteous; not for any thing wrought in them, or done by them, but for Christ’s sake alone; not by imputing faith itself, the act of believing, or any other evangelical obedience to them, as their righteousness; but by imputing the obedience and satisfaction of Christ unto them, they receiving and resting on Him and His righteousness by faith; which faith they have not of themselves, it is the gift of God.

解读:

二、如此接受并倚靠基督和祂的义的信心,乃是称义的唯一工具(约3:18,36罗3:28;5:1);然而,它在称义的人里面并不是单独存在,而是始终伴随着所有其他救赎的恩典,并且不是死的信心,而会借着爱显明出来(雅2:17,22,26加5:6)。

Faith, thus receiving and resting on Christ and His righteousness, is the alone instrument of justification; yet is it not alone in the person justified, but is ever accompanied with all other saving graces, and is no dead faith, but worketh by love.

解读:

三、基督借着祂的顺服和受死,完全清偿了凡因此称义之人的罪债,并代替他们适当、真实、完全地满足了祂父的公义(可10:45罗5:8-10,18-19加3:13提前2:5,6来1:3;10:10,14但9:24,26赛52:13-53:12)。然而,既然祂是父为他们赐下的(罗8:32约3:16),并且祂的顺服和满足代替他们而被接受(林后5:21弗5:2腓2:6-9赛53:10-11),两者都是白白的,并非因为他们本身有什么,所以,他们的称义只是出于白白的恩典(罗3:24弗1:7),要叫神绝对的公义和丰富的恩典可以在罪人的称义上得荣耀(罗3:26弗2:7亚9:9赛45:21)。

Christ, by His obedience and death, did fully discharge the debt of all those that are thus justified, and did make a proper, real, and full satisfaction of His Father’s justice in their behalf. Yet inasmuch as He was given by the Father for them, and His obedience and satisfaction accepted in their stead, and both freely, not for any thing in them, their justification is only of free grace, that both the exact justice and rich grace of God might be glorified in the justification of sinners.

解读:

四、神从永恒里就定意要称选民为义(罗8:29-30加3:8彼前1:2,19-20);并且基督在日期满足的时候为他们的罪而死,又为他们的称义复活(加4:4提前2:6罗4:25);虽然如此,直到圣灵在所定的时候实际地将基督带给他们,他们才得以被称为义(弗2:3多3:4-7加2:16西1:21-22)。

God did, from all eternity, decree to justify the elect; and Christ did, in the fullness of time, die for their sins and rise again for their justification; nevertheless they are not justified until the Holy Spirit doth, in due time, actually apply Christ unto them.

解读:

  1. 称义首先在永恒中发生:「神从永恒里就定意要称选民为义」,因此是必然的,选民在永恒中实质上已经称义,这是神对选民的爱的基础。但这并不排除选民在得救之前「本为可怒之子」(弗2:3)。
  2. 称义也是在历史中成就:因着「基督在日期满足的时候为他们的罪而死,又为他们的称义复活」,在客观上实现了。旧约选民的称义,也要等到基督在十字架上完成救赎大工之后。
  3. 称义又是在重生时实现:「直到圣灵在所定的时候实际地将基督带给他们,他们才得以被称为义」,也就是在主观上经历称义。

五、神会继续赦免那些被称义之人的罪(太6:12约壹1:7,9;2:1-2);虽然他们永远不会从称义的状态中堕落(罗5:1-5;8:30-39来10:14路22:32约10:28),但他们可能因自己的罪落在神如父一般的不悦之下,以致祂的面光不会回到他们身上,直到他们谦卑自己、承认自己的罪、祈求赦免,并且更新他们的信心和悔改(诗89:30-33;51:1-19;32:5太26:75路1:20林前11:30,32)。

God doth continue to forgive the sins of those that are justified; and although they can never fall from the state of justification, yet they may by their sins fall under God’s Fatherly displeasure, and not have the light of His countenance restored unto them, until they humble themselves, confess their sins, beg pardon, and renew their faith and repentance.

解读:

六、旧约信徒的称义,与新约信徒的称义,在所有这些方面都是一样的(加3:9,13-14罗4:6-8,22-24;10:6-13来13:8)。

The justification of believers under the Old Testament was, in all these respects, one and the same with the justification of believers under the New Testament.

解读:

第十二章 论得名分 Of Adoption

一、凡被称义的人,神在祂的独生子耶稣基督里、为了祂的独生子耶稣基督,赐给他们得名分的恩典(弗1:5加4:4-5)——借此,他们被归入数目,得享神儿女的自由和特权(罗8:17约1:12);他们身上有祂的名字(民6:24-26耶14:9摩9:12徒15:17林后6:18启3:12);领受得儿子名分的圣灵(罗8:15);可以坦然无惧地来到施恩宝座前(弗3:12来4:16);得以呼叫阿爸、父(罗8:15加4:6罗8:16);被祂像父亲一样怜恤(诗103:13)、保护(箴14:26)、供应(太6:30,32彼前5:7)和管教(来12:6);但永不被撇弃(哀3:31-32诗89:30-35),反受印记、等候得赎的日子来到(弗4:30),并承受应许(来6:12)、作永远救恩的后嗣(彼前1:3-4来1:14)。

All those that are justified, God vouchsafeth, in and for His only Son Jesus Christ, to make partakers of the grace of adoption: by which they are taken into the number, and enjoy the liberties and privileges of the children of God; have His name put upon them; receive the Spirit of adoption; have access to the throne of grace with boldness; are enabled to cry, Abba, Father; are pitied, protected, provided for, and chastened by Him as by a father; yet never cast off, but sealed to the day of redemption, and inherit the promises, as heirs of everlasting salvation.

解读:

第十三章 论成圣 Of Sanctification

一、凡蒙有效呼召而被重生的人,里面既有一颗新造的心和一个新造的灵,就进一步因着基督死和复活的功劳(帖前5:23-24帖后2:13-14结36:22-28多3:5徒20:32腓3:10罗6:5-6),借着祂的圣道和住在他们里面的圣灵(约17:17弗5:26罗8:13-14帖后2:13),真正地、个人地被成圣;罪身的辖制被摧毁(罗6:6,14),其中的各种情欲越来越被削弱和抑制(加5:24罗8:13),他们在一切救赎的恩典中,越来越被激发和坚固(西1:10-11弗3:16-19)去实践真正的圣洁,因为非圣洁没有人能见主(林后7:1西1:28;4:12来12:14)。

They who are effectually called and regenerated, having a new heart and a new spirit created in them, are further sanctified, really and personally, through the virtue of Christ’s death and resurrection, by His Word and Spirit dwelling in them; the dominion of the whole body of sin is destroyed, and the several lusts thereof are more and more weakened and mortified, and they more and more quickened and strengthened, in all saving graces, to the practice of true holiness, without which no man shall see the Lord.

解读:

二、这种成圣贯穿于全人(帖前5:23罗12:1-2),但在今生是不完美的——每个部分仍然存在一些败坏的残余(约壹1:8-10罗7:14-15腓3:12),由此产生了持续不断、不可调和的争战,肉体的情欲与圣灵相争、圣灵与肉体相争(加5:17)。

This sanctification is throughout in the whole man, yet imperfect in this life: there abideth still some remnants of corruption in every part, whence ariseth a continual and irreconcilable war, the flesh lusting against the Spirit, and the Spirit against the flesh.

解读:

三、在这场争战中,虽然残余的败坏可能会暂时占上风(罗7:23),但是,借着基督成圣之灵不断供应力量,重生的部分终必得胜(罗6:14约壹5:4弗4:15-16罗8:2)——如此,圣徒就在恩典中长进(彼后3:18林后3:18),使成圣在对神的敬畏中臻于完全(林后7:1)。

In which war, although the remaining corruption for a time may much prevail, yet, through the continual supply of strength from the sanctifying Spirit of Christ, the regenerate part doth overcome: and so the saints grow in grace, perfecting holiness in the fear of God.

解读:

第十四章 论得救的信心 Of Saving Faith

一、信心的恩典是基督之灵在蒙拣选者心中的工作(林前12:3约3:5多3:5约6:44-45,65弗2:8腓1:29彼后1:1彼前1:2),使他们能够相信,以致灵魂得救(多1:1来10:39);这信心通常是借着圣道的职事来实现的(太28:19-20罗10:14,17林前1:21)——通过圣道的传讲,并且通过圣礼的施行和祷告,得以增长并坚固(彼前2:2徒20:32罗1:16-17太28:19徒2:38林前10:16;11:23-29路17:5腓4:6-7)。

The grace of faith, whereby the elect are enabled to believe to the saving of their souls, is the work of the Spirit of Christ in their hearts; and is ordinarily wrought by the ministry of the Word: by which also, and by the administration of the sacraments, and prayer, it is increased and strengthened.

解读:

二、借此信心,基督徒相信圣道所启示的一切都是真实的,因为是神自己的权威在其中说话(彼后1:20-21约4:42帖前2:13约壹5:9-10徒24:14);他们会照着其中每处具体经文采取相应的回应;顺服其命令(诗119:10-11,48,97-98,167-168约14:15),畏惧其警戒(结9:4赛66:2来4:1),接受神对今生和来世的诸般应许(来11:13提前4:8)。但得救的信心的主要行动是,根据恩典之约,单单接受、领受和倚靠基督,得着称义、成圣和永生(约1:12徒16:31加2:20徒15:11提后1:9-10)。

By this faith, a Christian believeth to be true whatsoever is revealed in the Word, for the authority of God Himself speaking therein; and acteth differently, upon that which each particular passage thereof containeth; yielding obedience to the commands, trembling at the threatenings, and embracing the promises of God for this life, and that which is to come. But the principal acts of saving faith are, accepting, receiving, and resting upon Christ alone for justification, sanctification, and eternal life, by virtue of the covenant of grace.

解读:

三、这信心有程度上或强或弱的不同(来5:13-14罗14:1-2太6:30罗4:19-20太8:10);它可能会经常受到许多种方式的攻击和削弱,但终必得胜(路22:31-32弗6:16约壹5:4-5);它在许多人里面逐渐增长,直到借着那为我们信心创始成终的基督(来12:2),得着完全的确据(来6:11-12;10:22西2:2)。

This faith is different in degrees, weak or strong; may be often and many ways assailed and weakened, but gets the victory; growing up in many to the attainment of a full assurance through Christ, who is both the author and finisher of our faith.

解读:

第十五章 论悔改得生命 Of Repentance unto Life


(第十五章三节-十六章:真悔改的七要素、善行)

一、悔改得生命是一种福音的恩典(徒11:18林后7:10亚12:10),每一位福音的仆人不但要传讲对基督的信心,也要传讲悔改的教义(路24:47可1:15徒20:21)。

Repentance unto life is an evangelical grace, the doctrine whereof is to be preached by every minister of the gospel, as well as that of faith in Christ.

解读:

二、通过悔改,罪人看到、并感受到自己的罪不但是危险的,而且是污秽可憎的,因为与神的圣洁本性和公义律法相悖;并明白神在基督里对那些悔改之人的怜悯,从而对自己的罪感到忧伤和恨恶,以致转离一切罪恶,归向神(结18:30-31;36:31赛30:22诗51:4耶31:18-19珥2:12-13摩5:15诗119:128林后7:71帖前1:9),立志并努力照祂的一切诫命与祂同行(诗119:6,59,106王下23:25路1:6)。

By it a sinner, out of the sight and sense, not only of the danger, but also of the filthiness and odiousness of his sins, as contrary to the holy nature and righteous law of God, and upon the apprehension of His mercy in Christ to such as are penitent, so grieves for, and hates his sins, as to turn from them all unto God, purposing and endeavoring to walk with Him in all the ways of His commandments.

解读:

三、虽然悔改不能作为对罪的任何补偿、或得蒙赦免的任何理由(结36:31-32;16:61-63赛43:25),因为赦免是神在基督里白白恩典的作为(何14:2,4罗3:24弗1:7);但悔改对于所有的罪人是如此必要,以致没有它就没有人能指望得赦免(路13:3,5可1:4徒17:30-31)。

Although repentance be not to be rested in as any satisfaction for sin, or any cause of the pardon thereof, which is the act of God’s free grace in Christ; yet is it of such necessity to all sinners, that none may expect pardon without it.

解读:

四、正如没有一个罪小到不必遭受永世的惩罚(罗6:23加3:10太12:36),同样,也没有一个罪大到给那些真心悔改的人带来永世的灭亡(赛55:7罗8:1赛1:16-18)。

As there is no sin so small but it deserves damnation; so there is no sin so great that it can bring damnation upon those who truly repent.

解读:

五、人不应满足于一般性的悔改,竭力、具体地为自己具体的罪悔改,是每个人的本分(诗19:13太26:75路19:8提前1:13,15)。

Men ought not to content themselves with a general repentance, but it is every man’s duty to endeavor to repent of his particular sins, particularly.

解读:

六、正如每个人都应当私下向神承认己罪、祈求赦免(诗32:5-6;51:1-14),离弃这些罪而寻得怜悯一样(箴28:13赛55:7约壹1:9)——同样,人若得罪弟兄或基督的教会,应当甘心乐意在私下或公开承认己罪、为罪忧伤,向那些被得罪的人宣布悔改(雅5:16路17:3-4书7:19太18:15-18);从而使他们与他和好,并用爱心接纳他(林后2:7-8加6:1-2)。

As every man is bound to make private confession of his sins to God, praying for the pardon thereof, upon which, and the forsaking of them, he shall find mercy: so he that scandalizeth his brother, or the church of Christ, ought to be willing, by a private or public confession and sorrow for his sin, to declare his repentance to those that are offended; who are thereupon to be reconciled to him, and in love to receive him.

解读:

第十六章 论善行 Of Good Works


(第十五章三节-十六章:真悔改的七要素、善行)

一、只有神在祂的圣道中所命令的才是善行(弥6:8罗12:2来13:21)。在神的吩咐之外,出于人盲目的热心、或以任何善意为借口的行为,并非善行(太15:9赛29:13彼前1:18约16:2罗10:2撒上15:21-23申10:12-13西2:16-17,20-23)。

Good works are only such as God hath commanded in His holy Word, and not such as, without the warrant thereof, are devised by men out of blind zeal, or upon any pretense of good intention.

解读:

二、这些顺服神诫命而行的善行,乃是又真又活的信心所结的果子和证据(雅2:18,22)——信徒借此表达他们的感恩(诗116:12-14西3:15-17彼前2:9),坚固他们的确据(约壹2:3,5彼后1:5-10),造就他们的弟兄(林后9:2太5:16提前4:12),尊荣对福音的认信(多2:5,9-12提前6:1),堵住敌人的口(彼前2:15),归荣耀给神(彼前2:12腓1:11约15:8)——他们原是祂的工作,在基督耶稣里造成的(弗2:10),以致他们结出成圣的果子,可得永生的结局(罗6:22)。

These good works, done in obedience to God’s commandments, are the fruits and evidences of a true and lively faith: and by them believers manifest their thankfulness, strengthen their assurance, edify their brethren, adorn the profession of the gospel, stop the mouths of the adversaries, and glorify God, whose workmanship they are, created in Christ Jesus thereunto, that, having their fruit unto holiness, they may have the end, eternal life.

解读:

  1. 善行是「真实且活泼的信心所结出的果子和证据」,证实了人得救的信心(雅2:18)。因此,善行虽非功德,但却是绝对必须的。
  2. 善行是向神的感恩:「惟有你们是被拣选的族类,是有君尊的祭司,是圣洁的国度,是属神的子民,要叫你们宣扬那召你们出黑暗入奇妙光明者的美德」(彼前2:9)。
  3. 善行能增强信徒得救的确信:「我们若遵守他的诫命,就晓得是认识祂」(约壹2:3)。
  4. 善行能造就弟兄:「你们的热心激动了许多人」(林后9:2)。
  5. 善行能尊荣对福音的认信:「以致凡事尊荣我们救主神的道」(多2:10)。
  6. 善行能堵住敌人的口:「因为神的旨意原是要你们行善,可以堵住那糊涂无知人的口」(彼前2:15)。
  7. 善行能荣耀神:「你们在外邦人中,应当品行端正,叫那些毁谤你们是作恶的,因看见你们的好行为,便在鉴察的日子归荣耀给神」(彼前2:12)。

三、他们行善的能力并非出于自己,而完全是出于基督的灵(约15:4-6罗8:4-14结36:26-27)。为了使他们能够行善,在他们已经领受的诸般恩典之外,还需要同一位圣灵的实际影响运行在他们里面,叫他们立志行事、成就祂的美意(腓2:13;4:13林后3:5弗3:16);然而,他们不可因此疏忽懈怠,以为若非圣灵的特别感动,就无需尽任何本分;反倒应当殷勤激发神在他们里面的恩典(腓2:12来6:11-12彼后1:3,5,10-11赛64:7提后1:6徒26:6-7犹20-21)。

Their ability to do good works is not at all of themselves, but wholly from the Spirit of Christ. And that they may be enabled thereunto, besides the graces they have already received, there is required an actual influence of the same Holy Spirit to work in them to will and to do of His good pleasure; yet are they not hereupon to grow negligent, as if they were not bound to perform any duty unless upon a special motion of the Spirit; but they ought to be diligent in stirring up the grace of God that is in them.

解读:

四、那些在顺服上达到今生可能的最高境界的人,远不能积累额外的功德、超过神所要求的,反而远不及他们所当尽的本分(路17:10尼13:22罗8:21-25加5:17)。

They, who in their obedience, attain to the greatest height which is possible in this life, are so far from being able to supererogate and to do more than God requires, that they fall short of much which in duty they are bound to do.

五、我们最好的善行,也不能使我们配从神的手中得着赦罪或永生,因为它们与将来的荣耀之间极不相称;因为我们与神之间的无限差距,我们凭善行既不能使祂受益、也不能补偿我们以前的罪债(罗3:20;4:2,4,6弗2:8-9多3:5-7罗8:18诗16:2伯22:2-3;35:7-8);就算我们尽力而为,也只是尽了本分,并且是无用的仆人(路17:10)——因为善行之所以为善,是因从神的灵发出(罗8:13-14加5:22-23);而它们又是经我们行出来的,所以被诸多软弱和不完全所玷污和搀杂,以致经不起神审判的严格(赛64:6加5:17罗7:15,18诗143:2;130:3)。

We cannot, by our best works, merit pardon of sin, or eternal life, at the hand of God, because of the great disproportion that is between them and the glory to come, and the infinite distance that is between us and God, whom by them we can neither profit, nor satisfy for the debt of our former sins; but when we have done all we can, we have done but our duty, and are unprofitable servants: and because, as they are good, they proceed from His Spirit; and as they are wrought by us, they are defiled and mixed with so much weakness and imperfection that they cannot endure the severity of God’s judgment.

解读:

六、尽管如此,信徒本人既在基督里蒙接纳,他们的善行也在祂里面蒙接纳(弗1:6彼前2:5出28:38创4:4来11:4)。这并不是说,他们今生在神眼中好像是毫无瑕疵、无可指摘的(伯9:20诗143:2);而是说,祂既在祂儿子里看待他们,就乐意接纳并赏赐那些真诚的善行,尽管其中包含许多软弱和不完全(来13:20-21林后8:12来6:10太25:21,23林前3:14;4:5)。

Notwithstanding, the persons of believers being accepted through Christ, their good works also are accepted in Him, not as though they were in this life wholly unblamable and unreprovable in God’s sight; but that He, looking upon them in His Son, is pleased to accept and reward that which is sincere, although accompanied with many weaknesses and imperfections.

解读:

七、未重生者所行的事,虽然它们本身可能是神所命令的,对己对人都有益处(王下10:30-31王上21:27,29路6:32-34;18:2-7罗13:4);但是,因为它们不是出于被信心洁净的心(来11:4,6创4:3-5),也没有按照圣道、以正确的方式去做(林前13:3赛1:12),更不是为了荣耀神的正当目的(太6:2,5,16林前10:31);所以它们都是有罪的,既不能取悦神,也不能使人配受神的恩典(箴21:27该2:14多1:15摩5:21-22可7:6-7何1:4罗9:16多3:5)。但是,人若忽视它们,更是有罪、更令神不悦(诗14:4;36:3伯21:14,15太25:41-45;23:23罗1:21-32)。

Works done by unregenerate men, although for the matter of them they may be things which God commands, and of good use both to themselves and others; yet, because they proceed not from a heart purified by faith; nor are done in a right manner, according to the Word; nor to a right end, the glory of God; they are therefore sinful and cannot please God, or make a man meet to receive grace from God. And yet their neglect of them is more sinful, and displeasing unto God.

解读:

第十七章 论圣徒的坚忍 Of the Perseverance of the Saints


(第十七-十八章:圣徒的坚忍与得救的确据)

一、神在祂的爱子里所接纳,并经由祂的灵有效呼召、分别为圣的人,都不可能完全或终极地从恩典的状态中失落;反而都必坚忍到底,得救到永永远远(腓1:6彼后1:10罗8:28-30约10:28-29约壹3:9;5:18彼前1:5,9)。

They, whom God hath accepted in His beloved, effectually called and sanctified by His Spirit, can neither totally nor finally fall away from the state of grace; but shall certainly persevere therein to the end, and be eternally saved.

解读:

二、圣徒的这种坚忍,并不依据他们个人的自由意志,而是依据父神出于祂白白不变之爱所命令绝不变的拣选(诗89:3-4,28-33提后2:18-19耶31:3);耶稣基督的功德和代求的效力(来10:10,14;13:20-21;9:12-15罗8:33-39约17:11,24路22:32来7:25);圣灵的内住和他们里面的神的道种(约14:16-17约壹2:27;3:9);以及恩典之约的本质(耶32:40诗89:34-37耶31:31-34);从这一切中产生了圣徒坚忍的确定性和绝对可靠性(约6:38-40;10:28帖后3:3约壹2:19)。

This perseverance of the saints depends, not upon their own free will, but upon the immutability of the decree of election, flowing from the free and unchangeable love of God the Father; upon the efficacy of the merit and intercession of Jesus Christ; the abiding of the Spirit and of the seed of God within them; and the nature of the covenant of grace; from all which ariseth also the certainty and infallibility thereof.

解读:

三、然而,他们可能会因着撒但和世界的试探,自己里面败坏的残余的得势,以及对持守他们坚忍的方法的忽视,落入严重的罪中(出32:21拿1:3,10诗51:14太26:70,72,74),并且一时陷在其中(撒下12:9,13加2:11-14)——他们因此招惹了神的厌烦(民20:12撒下11:27赛64:7,9),并使祂的圣灵担忧(弗4:30);被剥夺了部分的恩典和安慰(诗51:8,10,12启2:4太26:75);他们的心变得刚硬(赛63:17),良心受损(诗32:3-4;51:8);伤害并绊倒他人(加12:10-20撒下12:14加2:13),给自己带来现世的审判(诗89:31-32林前11:32)。

Nevertheless they may, through the temptations of Satan and of the world, the prevalancy of corruption remaining in them, and the neglect of the means of their perseverance, fall into grievous sins; and for a time continue therein: whereby they incur God’s displeasure, and grieve His Holy Spirit; come to be deprived of some measure of their graces and comforts; have their hearts hardened, and their consciences wounded; hurt and scandalize others, and bring temporal judgments upon themselves.

解读:

第十八章 论恩典与得救的确据 Of the Assurance of Grace and Salvation


(第十七-十八章:圣徒的坚忍与得救的确据)

一、虽然假冒为善者和其他未重生之人,都可能因虚假的希望和属肉体的自负,徒劳地自欺有份于神的恩宠和救赎的产业(弥3:11申29:19约8:41);他们的希望终必落空(摩9:10太7:22-23)——但那真正相信主耶稣,并诚心爱祂,竭力以无亏的良心行在祂面前的人,在今生可以确知他们处于恩典的状态(约壹5:13;2:3;3:14,18-19,21,24),并且欢欢喜喜地盼望神的荣耀——这盼望永不会使他们羞愧(罗5:2,5)。

Although hypocrites, and other unregenerate men, may vainly deceive themselves with false hopes and carnal presumptions: of being in the favor of God and estate of salvation; which hope of theirs shall perish: yet such as truly believe in the Lord Jesus, and love Him in sincerity, endeavoring to walk in all good conscience before Him, may in this life be certainly assured that they are in a state of grace, and may rejoice in the hope of the glory of God: which hope shall never make them ashamed.

解读:

二、这种确定性并非一种纯粹的臆测和或然的信念,建基于可能出错的希望(来6:11,19);而是一种不会落空的信心的确据,建基于诸般救赎应许的神圣真理(来6:17-18),所应许诸般恩典在心中的证据(彼后1:4-11约壹2:3;3:14林后1:12),同时得名分的圣灵与我们的灵同证我们是神的儿女(罗8:15-16)——这圣灵是我们得基业的凭据,我们从祂受了印记、等候得赎的日子来到(弗1:13-14;4:30林后1:21-22)。

This certainty is not a bare conjectural and probable persuasion, grounded upon a fallible hope; but an infallible assurance of faith, founded upon the divine truth of the promises of salvation, the inward evidence of those graces unto which these promises are made, the testimony of the Spirit of adoption witnessing with our spirits that we are the children of God; which Spirit is the earnest of our inheritance, whereby we are sealed to the day of redemption.

解读:

三、这种永不落空的确据,并不是信心本质的一部分,一个真信徒在获得它之前,可能会长久等待、并且遭遇许多困难(约壹5:13)——但是,因为圣灵使他能以知道神所白白赐给他的事,所以他可以不需要特别的启示,只以正确的方式使用普通的方法,就可以获得(林前2:12约壹4:13来6:11,12弗3:17-18)。因此,殷勤地使自己的蒙召和被选坚定不移,是每个人的本分(彼后1:10);如此,他的心中就可以加增圣灵里的平安与喜乐、对神的爱慕与感恩、在顺服的诸般本分上的力量和快乐,这些都是这确据当有的果子(罗5:1-2,5;14:17;15:13弗1:3-4诗4:6-7;119:32)——绝不会使人趋于懈怠(约壹2:1-2罗6:1-2多2:11-12,14林后7:1罗8:1,12约壹3:2-3诗130:4约壹1:6-7)。

This infallible assurance doth not so belong to the essence of faith but that a true believer may wait long and conflict with many difficulties before he be partaker of it: yet, being enabled by the Spirit to know the things which are freely given him of God, he may, without extraordinary revelation, in the right use of ordinary means, attain thereunto. And therefore it is the duty of everyone to give all diligence to make his calling and election sure; that thereby his heart may be enlarged in peace and joy in the Holy Ghost, in love and thankfulness to God, and in strength and cheerfulness in the duties of obedience, the proper fruits of this assurance: so far is it from inclining men to looseness.

解读:

四、真信徒可能会使自己得救的确据因各种方式被动摇、减弱或中断;如,因为疏于持守它,因为陷入某种伤害良心、并且使圣灵担忧的罪,因为某种突然或强烈的试探,因为神收回祂的面光,甚至使敬畏祂的人也行在暗中、没有亮光(诗51:8,12,14弗4:30-31诗77:1-10诗31:22太26:69-72路22:31-34)——但他们从未彻底失去神的道种,信心的生命,对基督和弟兄的爱,内心的诚实和尽责的良心。从这一切中,借着圣灵的运行,这种确据可以在所定的时候恢复(约壹3:9路22:32诗51:8,12;73:15);同时借着这一切,他们也会在极度的绝望中得着扶持(弥7:7-9耶32:40赛54:7-14林后4:8-10)。

True believers may have the assurance of their salvation divers ways shaken, diminished, and intermitted; as, by negligence in preserving of it; by falling into some special sin, which woundeth the conscience, and grieveth the Spirit; by some sudden or vehement temptation; by God’s withdrawing the light of his countenance and suffering even such as fear Him to walk in darkness and to have no light: yet are they never utterly destitute of that seed of God, and life of faith, that love of Christ and the brethren, that sincerity of heart and conscience of duty, out of which, by the operation of the Spirit, this assurance may in due time be revived, and by the which, in the meantime, they are supported from utter despair.

解读:

第十九章 论神的律法 Of the Law of God


(第十九-二十章:律法和自由)

一、神赐给亚当一条作为行为之约的律法,借此约束他和他的后裔有义务个人、完全、准确、永久地顺服,并应许守约就得生命,警告背约就必死亡;且赋予他遵守它的力量和能力(创1:26-27;2:17弗4:24罗2:14-15;10:5;5:12,19加3:10,12传7:29)。

God gave to Adam a law, as a covenant of works, by which He bound him and all his posterity to personal, entire, exact, and perpetual obedience; promised life upon the fulfilling, and threatened death upon the breach of it; and endued him with power and ability to keep it.

解读:

二、这条律法在亚当堕落之后,仍然是公义的完美准则;为此,神在西奈山以十诫的形式予以传达,并刻在两块石版上(雅1:25;2:8,10-12罗3:19;13:8-9申5:32;10:4出34:1);前四诫包含我们对神的本分,其余六诫包含我们对人的本分(出20:3-17太22:37-40)。

This law, after his fall, continued to be a perfect rule of righteousness; and, as such, was delivered by God upon Mount Sinai in ten commandments, and written in two tables; the first four commandments containing our duty toward God, and the other six our duty to man.

解读:

三、除了这个通常称为道德律的律法,神也乐意把礼仪律赐给未成年的教会以色列民,其中包含一些预表性的条例,部分是关于敬拜,预表基督和祂的各种恩典、作为、受苦和恩惠(来10:1加4:1-3西2:17来9:1-28);部分是阐述各种关于道德本分的教导(利19:9-10,19,23,27申24:19-21林前5:7林后6:17犹1:23)。所有这些礼仪律现在都被新约废止了(西2:14,16-17但9:27弗2:15-16来9:10徒10:9-16;11:2-10)。

Besides this law, commonly called moral, God was pleased to give to the people of Israel, as a church under age, ceremonial laws, containing several typical ordinances, partly of worship, prefiguring Christ, His graces, actions, sufferings, and benefits; and partly holding forth divers instructions of moral duties. All which ceremonial laws are now abrogated under the New Testament.

解读:

四、作为一个政治体,神也赐给他们各种司法律,这些已经与那百姓之国一起失效了。除了其中普遍公平的要求,现在没有任何其他约束力(出21:1-23:19创49:10彼前2:13-14林前9:8-10)。

To them also, as a body politic, He gave sundry judicial laws, which expired together with the state of that people, not obliging any other, now, further than the general equity thereof may require.

解读:

五、道德律永远约束所有的人,无论是已经称义的人和其他人,都必须顺服它(罗13:8-10;3:31;7:25林前9:21加5:14弗6:2-3约壹2:3-4,7-8罗3:20;7:7-8约壹3:4罗6:15);不仅关乎其中的内容,而且也关乎颁布这律法的造物之神的权威(申6:4-5出20:11罗3:19雅2:8,10-11太19:4-6创17:1)。基督在福音中不但没有以任何方式解除这一义务,反而大大加强了它(太5:17-19罗3:31林前9:21路16:17-18)。

The moral law doth forever bind all, as well justified persons as others, to the obedience thereof; and that not only in regard of the matter contained in it, but also in respect of the authority of God the Creator who gave it. Neither doth Christ in the gospel any way dissolve, but much strengthen, this obligation.

解读:

六、虽然真信徒并不在作为行为之约的律法之下称义或被定罪(罗6:14;7:4加2:16;3:13;4:4-5徒13:39罗8:1,33),但这律法对于他们和其他人都大有用处。因它作为生活的准则,指示他们神的旨意和自己的本分,指导并约束他们照着去行(罗7:12,22,25诗119:1-6林前7:19加5:14-23);发现自己的本性、内心和生活中的罪污(罗7:7,13;3:20);通过自省,可以对自己的罪更加认识、差愧、憎恶(雅1:23-25罗7:9,14,24);同时更清楚地看到自己对基督及其完美顺服的需要(加3:24罗7:24-25;8:3-4)。律法对重生者同样有用,因它禁止犯罪,抑制他们的败坏(雅2:11-12诗119:101,104,128),它的警戒向他们显明罪应得的后果,以及今生为罪可能受何种苦难(拉9:13-14诗89:30-34加3:13),尽管他们已经脱离了律法所警戒的咒诅。同样,律法的诸般应许向他们显明神对顺服的嘉许,以及顺服者可以期盼何种祝福(出19:5-6申5:33利18:5太19:17利26:1-13林后6:16弗6:2-3诗19:11;37:11太5:5),尽管这些都不是依据行为之约的律法所当得的(加2:16路17:10)——因此,一个人因为律法鼓励行善、阻止作恶而行善弃恶,并不证明他是在律法之下,不在恩典之下(罗6:12-15彼前3:8-12诗34:12-16来12:28-29)。

Although true believers be not under the law as a covenant of works, to be thereby justified or condemned; yet is it of great use to them, as well as to others; in that, as a rule of life, informing them of the will of God and their duty, it directs and binds them to walk accordingly; discovering also the sinful pollutions of their nature, hearts, and lives; so as, examining themselves thereby, they may come to further conviction of, humiliation for, and hatred against sin; together with a clearer sight of the need they have of Christ, and the perfection of His obedience. It is likewise of use to the regenerate, to restrain their corruptions, in that it forbids sin, and the threatenings of it serve to show what even their sins deserve, and what afflictions in this life they may expect for them, although freed from the curse thereof threatened in the law. The promises of it, in like manner, show them God’s approbation of obedience, and what blessings they may expect upon the performance thereof; although not as due to them by the law as a covenant of works: so as a man’s doing good, and refraining from evil, because the law encourageth to the one, and deterreth from the other, is no evidence of his being under the law, and not under grace.

解读:

七、以上所述律法的用处并不与福音的恩典相悖,而是与它紧密地相辅相成(罗3:31加3:21多2:11-14)——基督的灵降服人的意志,并使人的意志能够自由地、愉快地遵行神在律法中所启示、要求人按其旨意来成就的事(结36:27来8:10耶31:33诗119:35,47罗7:22)。

Neither are the forementioned uses of the law contrary to the grace of the gospel, but do sweetly comply with it: the Spirit of Christ subduing and enabling the will of man to do that freely and cheerfully, which the will of God, revealed in the law, requireth to be done.

解读:

第二十章 论基督徒的自由与良心的自由 Of Christian Liberty, and Liberty of Conscience


(第十九-二十章:律法和自由)

一、基督为福音之下的信徒所买赎的自由包括:脱离了罪的罪债、神定罪的忿怒、道德律的咒诅(多2:14帖前1:10加3:13);又把他们从现今这个邪恶的世界、撒但的捆绑、罪恶的辖制(加1:4西1:13徒26:18罗6:14)、苦难的煎熬、死亡的毒钩、阴间的得胜和永远的定罪中救拔出来(罗8:28诗119:71林后4:15-18林前15:54-57罗5:9;8:1帖前1:10);也使他们得以自由地接近神(罗5:1-2),不是出于奴仆的恐惧顺服祂,而是由于儿女般的爱和愿意的心(罗8:14-15约壹4:18)。所有这一切,也是律法之下的信徒所共有的(加3:8-9,14罗4:6-8林前10:3-4来11:1-40);但在新约之下,基督徒的自由更加扩大,摆脱了犹太教会所服从的礼仪律之轭(加4:1-7;5:1徒15:10-11);与律法之下的信徒通常所享有的相比,他们更加坦然无惧地进到施恩宝座前(来4:14-16;10:19-22)、与神的自由之灵更充分地交通(约7:38-39徒2:17-18林后3:8,13,17-18耶31:31-34)。

The liberty which Christ hath purchased for believers under the gospel consists in their freedom from the guilt of sin, the condemning wrath of God, the curse of the moral law; and in their being delivered from this present evil world, bondage to Satan, and dominion of sin, from the evil of afflictions, the sting of death, the victory of the grave, and everlasting damnation; as also in their free access to God, and their yielding obedience unto Him, not out of slavish fear, but a childlike love, and a willing mind. All which were common also to believers under the law; but under the New Testament the liberty of Christians is further enlarged in their freedom from the yoke of the ceremonial law, to which the Jewish church was subjected; and in greater boldness of access to the throne of grace, and in fuller communications of the free Spirit of God, than believers under the law did ordinarily partake of.

解读:

二、唯独神才是良心的主宰(雅4:12罗14:4,10林前10:29),祂使良心不受在信仰或敬拜方面与祂的圣道相悖、或在圣道之外的属人的教义和戒律的束缚(徒4:19;5:29林前7:22-23太15:1-6;23:8-10林后1:24太15:9)。因此,相信这样的教义,或者出于良心遵守这样的戒律,就是背叛良心的真自由(西2:20-23加1:10;2:4-5;4:9-10;5:1);要求默从的信心,以及绝对的盲从,就是摧毁良心的自由和理性(罗10:17赛8:20徒17:11约4:22启13:12,16-17耶8:9彼前2:16)。

God alone is Lord of the conscience, and hath left it free from the doctrines and commandments of men which are in any thing contrary to His Word, or beside it in matters of faith or worship. So that to believe such doctrines, or to obey such commandments out of conscience, is to betray true liberty of conscience; and the requiring an implicit faith, and an absolute and blind obedience, is to destroy liberty of conscience, and reason also.

解读:

三、 凡以基督徒的自由为借口犯下任何罪行,或怀有任何恶欲的人,恰恰是破坏基督徒自由的目的;因为我们从仇敌手中被救出来,是为了叫我们可以一生在主面前,坦然无惧地用圣洁、公义来事奉祂(加5:13彼前2:16彼后2:19罗6:15约8:34路1:74-75)。

They who, upon pretense of Christian liberty, do practice any sin, or cherish any lust, do thereby destroy the end of Christian liberty; which is, that, being delivered out of the hands of our enemies, we might serve the Lord without fear, in holiness and righteousness before Him, all the days of our life.

解读:

四、并且,因为神的意思不是要叫祂所命定的权柄与基督所买赎的自由互相毁坏,而是使二者互相维持、彼此保守;所以,凡以基督徒的自由之名反对民事的、或教会的任何合乎律法的权柄、或合乎律法的执行,都是抗拒神的命令(彼前2:13-14,16罗13:1-8来13:17帖前5:12-13)。并且,如果他们发表这类意见,或坚持这类做法,若违反自然之光,或违反基督教关于信仰、敬拜或言行的已知原则,或违反敬虔的实意,或这类错谬的意见和做法无论在其本质、还是在发表和坚持的方式上,都有损基督在教会中建立的外在平安与秩序,他们就可以合乎律法地被追究责任,并受到教会的谴责(罗1:32林前5:1,5,11-13约贰10-11帖后3:6,14提前6:3-4多1:10-11,13-14;3:10罗16:17太18:15-17提前1:19-20启2:2,14-15,20)。

And because the powers which God hath ordained, and the liberty which Christ hath purchased, are not intended by God to destroy, but mutually to uphold and preserve one another; they who, upon pretence of Christian liberty, shall oppose any lawful power, or the lawful exercise of it, whether it be civil or ecclesiastical, resist the ordinance of God. And, for their publishing of such opinions, or maintaining of such practices, as are contrary to the light of nature, or to the known principles of Christianity, whether concerning faith, worship, or conversation; or, to the power of godliness; or, such erroneous opinions or practices, as either in their own nature, or in the manner of publishing or maintaining them, are destructive to the external peace and order which Christ hath established in the church, they may lawfully be called to account, and proceeded against by the censures of the church.

解读:

第二十一章 论虔诚敬拜和安息日 Of Religious Worship and the Sabbath Day


(第二十一-二十二章:合宜的敬拜)

一、自然之光显明有一位神,祂对万有拥有主权和统治权;祂本为善,并善待万有;因此,理当被尽心、尽性、尽力地敬畏、爱慕、赞美、求告、信靠和事奉(罗1:20诗19:1-4;50:6;97:6;145:9-12徒14:17诗104:1-35;86:8-10;95:1-6;89:5-7申6:4-5)。但是,敬拜真神必须按照神自己所设定的方式才能蒙悦纳,并受到祂自己所启示旨意的限制,所以不可按照人的想象和设计、或者撒但的建议,以任何有形的代表物、或任何其他圣经未规定的方式来敬拜祂(申12:32太15:9徒17:23-25太4:9-10申4:15-20出20:4-6约4:23-24西2:18-23)。

The light of nature showeth that there is a God, who hath lordship and sovereignty over all; is good, and doeth good unto all; and is therefore to be feared, loved, praised, called upon, trusted in, and served with all the heart, and with all the soul, and with all the might. But the acceptable way of worshipping the true God is instituted by Himself, and so limited by His own revealed will, that He may not be worshipped according to the imaginations and devices of men, or the suggestions of Satan, under any visible representation or any other way not prescribed in the holy Scripture.

解读:

二、虔诚的敬拜是为了献给神——父、子和圣灵,并且惟独献给祂(约5:23太28:19林后13:14弗3:14启5:11-14徒10:25-26)——而不是天使、圣徒或其他任何受造之物(西2:18启19:10罗1:25)——自从堕落以后,敬拜就不能没有中保,且不能是基督之外的任何其他中保(约14:6提前2:5弗2:18西3:17)。

Religious worship is to be given to God, the Father, Son, and Holy Ghost; and to Him alone: not to angels, saints, or any other creature: and since the fall, not without a mediator; nor in the mediation of any other but of Christ alone.

解读:

三、感恩的祷告,是虔诚敬拜中的一个特别部分(腓4:6提前2:1西4:2),是神对所有人的要求(诗65:2;67:3;96:7-8;148:11-13赛55:6-7);蒙垂听的祷告,必须奉圣子的名(约14:13-14彼前2:5),借圣灵的帮助(罗8:26弗6:18),按圣父的旨意(约壹5:14),用悟性、崇敬、谦卑、热切、信心、爱心和恒心去求(诗47:7传5:1-2来12:28创18:27雅5:16;1:6-7可11:24太6:12,14-15西4:2弗6:18);若是出声,就当用人能明白的语言(林前14:14)。

Prayer with thanksgiving, being one special part of religious worship, is by God required of all men; and that it may be accepted, it is to be made in the name of the Son, by the help of His Holy Spirit, according to His will, with understanding, reverence, humility, fervency, faith, love, and perseverance; and, if vocal, in a known tongue.

四、当为合乎律法的事(约壹5:14,16约15:7),为各种活着的人、或将要活在世上的人祷告(提前2:1-2约17:20撒下7:29代下6:14-42);但不可为死人(路16:25-26赛57:1-2诗73:24林后5:8,10腓1:21-24启14:13),或为那些明知他们犯了至于死的罪的人祷告(约壹5:16)。

Prayer is to be made for things lawful, and for all sorts of men living, or that shall live hereafter; but not for the dead, nor for those of whom it may be known that they have sinned the sin unto death.

五、存敬虔和敬畏之心读经(路4:16-17徒15:21西4:16帖前5:27启1:3);纯正地讲道(提后4:2徒5:42),以悟性、信心和敬畏来顺服神而认真听道(雅1:22徒10:33太13:19来4:2赛66:2);心被恩感歌唱诗篇(西3:16弗5:19雅5:13林前14:15);以及合宜地施行并按理领受基督设立的圣礼;都是一般对神虔诚敬拜的一部分(太28:19林前11:23-29徒2:42)——此外,各种虔诚的宣誓(申6:13尼10:29林后1:23),许愿(诗116:14赛19:21传5:4-5),严肃的禁食(珥2:12斯4:16太9:15徒14:23),特殊时节的感恩(出15:1-21诗107:1-43尼12:27-43斯9:20-22),都当各按时间和季节,以圣洁和虔诚的方式举行(来12:28)。

The reading of the Scriptures with godly fear; the sound preaching, and conscionable hearing of the Word, in obedience unto God with understanding, faith, and reverence; singing of psalms with grace in the heart; as, also, the due administration and worthy receiving of the sacraments instituted by Christ; are all parts of the ordinary religious worship of God: besides religious oaths, and vows, solemn fastings, and thanksgivings upon special occasion; which are, in their several times and seasons, to be used in an holy and religious manner.

解读:

六、现在,在福音之下,无论是祷告、还是虔诚敬拜的任何其他部分,都不局限于任何举行的地方或面对的方向,也不会因此更容易蒙悦纳(约4:21)——但要用心灵和诚实(约4:23-24),随处敬拜神(玛1:11提前2:8);正如每天(太6:11伯1:5)在个人家中(耶10:25申6:6-7伯1:5撒下6:18,20),每个人在独处时(太6:6,16-18尼1:4-11但9:3-4),在公共集会中更要庄严;当神借着祂的圣言或护理召集这些集会时,不可掉以轻心、故意忽略或停止(赛56:6-7来10:25诗100:4;122:1;84:1-12路4:16徒13:42,44;2:42)。

Neither prayer, nor any other part of religious worship, is now, under the gospel, either tied unto, or made more acceptable to, any place in which it is performed, or towards which it is directed: but God is to be worshipped everywhere in spirit and in truth; as in private families daily, and in secret each one by himself, so more solemnly in the public assemblies, which are not carelessly or willfully to be neglected or forsaken, when God, by His Word or providence, calleth thereunto.

解读:

七、按照自然律,一般来说,应当分别出适当比例的时间来敬拜神;因此,神在祂的圣道中用一条正面的、道德的、永久的诫命,约束所有时代的所有人;祂特别指定七日中的一日为安息日,向祂守为圣日(出20:8-11赛56:2-7)——从世界之始到基督复活,是一周的最后一日;从基督复活之后,改为一周的第一日(创2:2-3林前16:1-2徒20:7),在圣经中称为主日(启1:10),并作为基督徒的安息日、一直持续到世界的末了(太5:17-18可2:27-28罗3:8-10雅2:8-12)。

As it is of the law of nature, that, in general, a due proportion of time be set apart for the worship of God; so, in His Word, by a positive, moral, and perpetual commandment, binding all men in all ages, He hath particularly appointed one day in seven for a Sabbath, to be kept holy unto Him: which, from the beginning of the world to the resurrection of Christ, was the last day of the week; and, from the resurrection of Christ, was changed into the first day of the week, which in Scripture is called the Lord’s Day, and is to be continued to the end of the world as the Christian Sabbath.

解读:

八、这安息日要向主守为圣,当人们适当地预备好自己的心,并提前安排好各自的日常事务之后,不但要停止各自有关世俗职业和娱乐的行动、言谈与思想,整日遵守圣安息(出20:8;16:23-30;31:15-17赛58:13-14尼13:15-22),而且要把全部时间投入公开或私下的敬拜活动,并履行必要和慈善的本分(赛58:13-14路4:16太12:1-13可3:1-5)。

This Sabbath is to be kept holy unto the Lord when men, after a due preparing of their hearts, and ordering of their common affairs beforehand, do not only observe an holy rest all the day from their own works, words, and thoughts about their worldly employments and recreations; but also are taken up the whole time in the public and private exercises of His worship, and in the duties of necessity and mercy.

解读:

第二十二章 论合乎律法的宣誓和许愿 Of Lawful Oaths and Vows

一、合乎律法的宣誓是虔诚敬拜的一部分(申10:20赛45:23罗14:11腓2:10-11),即在正当的场合,起誓者严肃地呼吁神见证自己的断言或承诺,并根据誓言的真伪审判自己(出20:7利19:12罗1:9林后1:23;11:31加1:20代下6:22-23)。

A lawful oath is a part of religious worship, wherein upon just occasion, the person swearing solemnly calleth God to witness what he asserteth or promiseth; and to judge him according to the truth or falsehood of what he sweareth.

解读:

二、惟有神的名才是人应当指着起誓的,使用它时应当存完全圣洁的敬畏和崇敬之心(申6:13书23:7);因此,虚妄或轻率地指着那荣耀可畏之名起誓,或指着任何别的事物起誓,都是有罪的、可憎的(出20:7耶5:7太5:33-37雅5:12)。然而,正如在重大和关键的事情上,宣誓无论在新约还是旧约中都被神的圣道所认可(来6:16林后1:23赛65:16),因此,在这类事情上,如果合乎律法的权柄强制要求合乎律法的宣誓,就应当遵行(王上8:31尼13:25拉10:5)。

The name of God only is that by which men ought to swear, and therein it is to be used with all holy fear and reverence; therefore to swear vainly or rashly by that glorious and dreadful name, or to swear at all by any other thing, is sinful, and to be abhorred. Yet, as, in matters of weight and moment, an oath is warranted by the Word of God, under the New Testament, as well as under the Old, so a lawful oath, being imposed by lawful authority, in such matters ought to be taken.

解读:

三、凡宣誓者,都应该适当地考虑如此庄严之举的重要性,并且只为他完全相信的事实宣誓(出20:7利19:12耶4:2何10:4)。宣誓者只能把自己约束于善良和公义的事、他所相信的事、以及他能够并决心履行的事上(创24:2-9尼5:12-13传5:2,5)。

Whosoever taketh an oath ought duly to consider the weightiness of so solemn an act, and therein to avouch nothing but what he is fully persuaded is the truth. Neither may any man bind himself by oath to any thing but what is good and just, and what he believeth so to be, and what he is able and resolved to perform.

解读:

四、宣誓应当使用浅白和普通的字句,不可模棱两可或内心有所保留(耶4:2诗24:4)。它不能强迫人犯罪;但在任何与犯罪无关的事情上,一旦宣誓,即使有损于自己,也必须履行(撒上25:22,32-34诗15:4)——即使向异教徒或不信者所起的誓,也不可背信(结17:16-19书9:18-19撒下21:1)。

An oath is to be taken in the plain and common sense of the words, without equivocation or mental reservation. It cannot oblige to sin; but in anything not sinful, being taken, it binds to performance, although to a man’s own hurt: nor is it to be violated, although made to heretics or infidels.

解读:

五、许愿与带承诺的宣誓具有相似的性质,应当以同样的虔诚态度进行,并以同样的诚信履行(民30:2赛19:21传5:4-6诗61:8;66:13-14)。

A vow is of the like nature with a promissory oath, and ought to be made with the like religious care, and to be performed with the like faithfulness.

六、许愿不能向着任何受造之物,只能向着神(诗50:14;76:11;116:14)——被接纳的许愿,必须是甘心乐意,出于信心和尽责的良心,为所蒙的怜悯表示感谢,或为求获得我们所要的;如此,我们更严格地约束自己履行必要的本分,或其他恰当地有助于这一目标的事情(申23:21-23创28:20-22撒上1:11诗66:13-14;132:2-5)。

It is not to be made to any creature, but to God alone: and that it may be accepted, it is to be made voluntarily, out of faith and conscience of duty, in way of thankfulness for mercy received, or for obtaining of what we want; whereby we more strictly bind ourselves to necessary duties, or to other things, so far and so long as they may fitly conduce thereunto.

七、任何人都不得许愿去做神的道中禁止的任何事情,或会妨碍圣道所命令任何本分的事情,或不在他自己能力范围内的事情,以及他并没有得到神的应许或能力去履行的事情(徒23:12-14可6:26民30:5,8,12-13)。在这方面,修道院终生独身、自甘贫穷、服从戒律的誓愿,远非更高程度的完全,而是迷信和罪恶的网罗,任何基督徒都不能自陷其中(太19:11-12林前7:2,9来13:4弗4:28帖前4:11-12林前7:23)。

No man may vow to do anything forbidden in the Word of God, or what would hinder any duty therein commanded, or which is not in his own power, and for the performance of which he hath no promise or ability from God. In which respects, monastical vows of perpetual single life, professed poverty, and regular obedience, are so far from being degrees of higher perfection, that they are superstitious and sinful snares, in which no Christian may entangle himself.

解读:

第二十三章 论民事官员 Of the Civil Magistrate

00:00:28一、神是全地至高的主和王,祂为了自己的荣耀和公众的利益,设立了民事官员,使他们在祂自己之下、百姓之上;为此,祂赋予他们刀剑的权柄,用以保护和鼓励行善的、惩罚作恶的(罗13:1-4彼前2:13-14)。

God, the supreme Lord and king of all the world, hath ordained civil magistrates to be under Him over the people, for His own glory and the public good; and to this end, hath armed them with the power of the sword, for the defense and encouragement of them that are good, and for the punishment of evildoers.

解读:

00:10:39二、基督徒被呼召接受并执行民事官员的职务,是合乎律法的(创41:39-43尼12:26;13:15-31但2:48-49箴8:15-16罗13:1-4);在执行职务时,由于他们应该特别根据各国的健全法律维护敬虔、公义与和平(诗2:10-12提前2:2诗82:3-4撒下23:3彼前2:13),因此,为达成目的,如今在新约之下,他们可以合乎律法地在正义和必要的情况下发动战争(路3:14罗13:4太8:9-10徒10:1-2)。

It is lawful for Christians to accept and execute the office of a magistrate when called thereunto; in the managing whereof, as they ought especially to maintain piety, justice, and peace, according to the wholesome laws of each commonwealth, so, for that end, they may lawfully, now under the New Testament, wage war upon just and necessary occasions.

解读:

00:13:31三、民事官员不可擅自宣讲圣道和施行圣礼(代下26:18);或执掌天国钥匙的权柄(太18:17;16:19林前12:28-29弗4:11-12林前4:1-2罗10:15来5:4),或任何干涉关乎信仰之事(约18:36徒5:29弗4:11-12)。然而,民事官员作为养父,有责任保护我们同一位主的教会,不偏待任何一个基督教宗派,以使所有的教会人士都可以享受充分的、无限制的、无条件的自由,在免受暴力和危险的情况下,履行他们神圣本分的各个方面(赛49:23罗13:1-6)。并且,既然耶稣基督已经在祂的教会里指定了通用的治理和纪律,任何国家的法律都不应干涉、阻止或妨碍在任何基督教宗派的自愿成员中,根据他们自己的信念正当地行使(诗105:15)。民事官员有责任以有效的方式保护全体人民的人身和名誉,以免任何人借口宗教不同或不信宗教,对任何其他人进行侮辱、暴力、虐待或伤害——又当作出安排,使所有宗教和教会的集会免受骚扰或干扰(罗13:4提前2:2)。

Civil magistrates may not assume to themselves the administration of the Word and sacraments; or the power of the keys of the kingdom of heaven; or, in the least, interfere in matters of faith. Yet, as nursing fathers, it is the duty of civil magistrates to protect the church of our common Lord, without giving the preference to any denomination of Christians above the rest, in such a manner that all ecclesiastical persons whatever shall enjoy the full, free, and unquestioned liberty of discharging every part of their sacred functions, without violence or danger. And, as Jesus Christ hath appointed a regular government and discipline in His church, no law of any commonwealth should interfere with, let, or hinder, the due exercise thereof, among the voluntary members of any denomination of Christians, according to their own profession and belief. It is the duty of civil magistrates to protect the person and good name of all their people, in such an effectual manner as that no person be suffered, either upon pretense of religion or of infidelity, to offer any indignity, violence, abuse, or injury to any other person whatsoever: and to take order, that all religious and ecclesiastical assemblies be held without molestation or disturbance.

解读:

00:19:15四、人民有责任为民事官员祷告(提前2:1-3),尊敬他们的人格(彼前2:17),向他们纳税并缴纳其他费用(太22:21罗13:6-7 ),服从他们合乎律法的命令,并为良心的缘故服从他们的权柄(罗13:5多3:1)。不信宗教或宗教的不同,既不能使民事官员正当与合乎律法的权柄失效,也不免除人民对他们的顺服 (彼前2:13-16)——教会人士也不例外(罗13:1徒25:9-11彼后2:1,10-11犹8-11);教宗更不能在民事官员的领地内对他们或他们的任何人民拥有任何权力或管辖权;更不用说借着把他们判为异教徒、或任何其他借口,剥夺他们的领地或生命了(可10:42-44太23:8-12提后2:24彼前5:3)。

It is the duty of the people to pray for magistrates, to honor their persons, to pay them tribute and other dues, to obey their lawful commands, and to be subject to their authority, for conscience’s sake. Infidelity, or difference in religion, doth not make void the magistrate’s just and legal authority, nor free the people from their obedience to him: from which ecclesiastical persons are not exempted; much less hath the pope any power or jurisdiction over them in their dominions, or over any of their people; and least of all to deprive them of their dominions or lives, if he shall judge them to be heretics, or upon any other pretense whatsoever.

解读:

第二十四章 论婚姻与离婚 Of Marriage and Divorce

00:22:19一、婚姻是一男一女之间的事——任何男人同时拥有一个以上的妻子,或任何女人同时拥有一个以上的丈夫,都是不合乎律法的(创2:24太19:5-6罗7:3箴2:17)。

Marriage is to be between one man and one woman: neither is it lawful for any man to have more than one wife, nor for any woman to have more than one husband at the same time.

00:23:39二、婚姻的设立是为了丈夫和妻子的互相帮助(创2:18弗5:28彼前3:7),为了人类借合乎律法的繁衍而增加,也为了让教会产生圣洁的后裔(创1:28;9:1玛2:15),并防止不洁净的事(林前7:2,9)。

Marriage was ordained for the mutual help of husband and wife; for the increase of mankind with a legitimate issue, and of the church with an holy seed; and for preventing of uncleanness.

解读:

  • 神所设立的婚姻是一男一女、一夫一妻。
  • 神设立婚姻的目的是:
    1. 夫妻之间互相帮助(创2:18) :包括属灵的互相帮助。
    2. 按正道生养众多(创1:28),增加教会的圣洁后裔(林前7:14玛2:15)、也就是应许的儿女(罗9:8。加尔文、马丁路德、慈运理、约翰.威斯理、宾克、钟马田等不赞成节育。
    3. 防止淫乱不洁(林前7:2,9)。

00:26:27三、凡能按自己的判断表示同意的各种人,都可以合乎律法地结婚(来13:4提前4:3林前7:36-38创24:57-58)。但是,基督徒的本分是只当在主里结婚(林前7:39)。所以,凡信奉真正改革宗的人,不应与不信者、天主教徒或其他偶像崇拜者结婚——敬虔者也不应与生活上罪恶昭彰、或坚持可咒诅异端的人结婚,不平等地共负一轭(创34:14出34:16林后6:14申7 :3-4王上11:4尼13:25-27玛2:11-12 )。

It is lawful for all sorts of people to marry who are able with judgment to give their consent. Yet it is the duty of Christians to marry only in the Lord. And, therefore, such as profess the true reformed religion should not marry with infidels, papists, or other idolaters: neither should such as are godly be unequally yoked, by marrying with such as are notoriously wicked in their life, or maintain damnable heresies.

00:27:33四、婚姻不应在圣道所禁止的血亲或姻亲的范围之内成立(利18:6-17,24-30;20:19林前5:1摩2:7);任何人的法律或双方的同意,都不能使这种乱伦婚姻合乎律法、以便这些人可以像丈夫和妻子一样同居(可6:18利18:24-28)。

Marriage ought not to be within the degrees of consanguinity or affinity forbidden in the Word; nor can such incestuous marriages ever be made lawful by any law of man, or consent of parties, so as those persons may live together, as man and wife.

解读:

00:29:58五、人在订立婚约之后所犯的通奸或淫行,若在结婚之前被发现,无辜的一方就有解除婚约的正当理由(太1:18-20申22:23-24)。结婚之后的通奸,无辜的一方可以合乎律法地提出离婚(太5:31-32),并在离婚后再婚,就好像犯罪的一方已经死了一样(太19:9罗7:2-3)。

Adultery or fornication, committed after a contract, being detected before marriage, giveth just occasion to the innocent party to dissolve that contract. In the case of adultery after marriage, it is lawful for the innocent party to sue out a divorce, and after the divorce to marry another, as if the offending party were dead.

00:30:31六、虽然人的败坏善于寻找理由,不正当地将神在婚姻中所配合的分开;但是,只有通奸,或教会或民事官员无法补救的故意离弃,才是解除婚约的充分理由(太19:8-9林前7:15太19:6)。在此情况下,应遵循公开和有序的程序,而且当事人不可在他们自己的案件中随己意决定(申24:1-4)。

Although the corruption of man be such as is apt to study arguments, unduly to put asunder those whom God hath joined together in marriage; yet nothing but adultery, or such willful desertion as can no way be remedied by the church or civil magistrate, is cause sufficient of dissolving the bond of marriage; wherein a public and orderly course of proceeding is to be observed; and the persons concerned in it, not left to their own wills and discretion in their own case.

解读:

第二十五章 论教会 Of the Church

一、大公教会或普世教会是无形的,由过去、现在和未来在元首基督之下所召集的合而为一的选民总数构成,是那充满万有者的新妇、身体和充满(弗1:10,22-23;5:23,27,32西1:18)。

The catholic or universal church, which is invisible, consists of the whole number of the elect, that have been, are, or shall be gathered into one, under Christ the head thereof; and is the spouse, the body, the fullness of Him that filleth all in all.

解读:

二、有形的教会,在福音之下也是大公的、或普世的(不像从前在律法之下仅限于一个国家),包括全世界所有认信真信仰的人(林前1:2;12:12-13诗2:8启7:9罗15:9-12)和他们的儿女(林前7:14徒2:39创17:7-12结16:20-21罗11:16加3:7,9,14罗4:12,16,24)——这是主耶稣基督的国度(太13:47赛9:7路1:32-33徒2:30-36西1:13)、神的殿和家(弗2:19;3:15)。照常例,在教会之外,没有得救的可能性(徒2:47)。

The visible church, which is also catholic or universal under the gospel (not confined to one nation, as before under the law), consists of all those throughout the world that profess the true religion; and of their children: and is the kingdom of the Lord Jesus Christ, the house and family of God, out of which there is no ordinary possibility of salvation.

解读:

三、基督已经把神的职分、圣言和条例赐给了这个大公而有形的教会,以便召集并成全在今世生活的圣徒,直到世界的末了;又按着祂的应许,就借着祂自己的同在和圣灵,使这些有效地成就它们的目的(林前12:28弗4:11-13太28:19-20赛59:21)。

Unto this catholic and visible church, Christ hath given the ministry, oracles, and ordinances of God, for the gathering and perfecting of the saints, in this life, to the end of the world; and doth by His own presence and Spirit, according to His promise, make them effectual thereunto.

解读:

四、这个大公教会有时比较显而易见,有时不太明显(罗11:3-5徒9:31;2:41,47;18:8-10)。作为其成员的个别教会的纯正程度,取决于在他们中间所教导和接纳的福音教义、所施行的条例、以及所举行的公开敬拜的纯正程度(徒2:41-42林前5:6-7启2-3)。

This catholic church hath been sometimes more, sometimes less, visible. And particular churches, which are members thereof, are more or less pure, according as the doctrine of the gospel is taught and embraced, ordinances administered, and public worship performed more or less purely in them.

解读:

五、天底下最纯正的教会,也难免有混杂和错误(林前13:12启2-3太13:24-30,47)——有些已经堕落到显然不再是基督的教会(太23:37-39罗11:18-22)。虽然如此,地上总会有一个教会按照神的旨意敬拜祂(太16:18诗45:16-17;72:17太28:19-20林前15:51-52帖前4:17)。

The purest churches under heaven are subject both to mixture and error: and some have so degenerated as to become apparently no churches of Christ. Nevertheless, there shall be always a church on earth, to worship God according to His will.

解读:

六、除了主耶稣基督以外,没有别的教会元首(西1:18弗1:22)——罗马教宗在任何意义上都不能成为教会的元首(太23:8-10彼前5:2-4)。

There is no other head of the church but the Lord Jesus Christ: nor can the pope of Rome in any sense be head thereof.

解读:

第二十六章 论圣徒相通 Of the Communion of the Saints

00:32:54一、凡借着耶稣基督的灵、又借着信心,与他们的元首耶稣基督联合的圣徒,就在祂的恩典、受苦、受死、复活和荣耀中一同有分(约壹1:3弗3:16-18约1:16弗2:5-6腓3:10罗6:5-6;8:17提后2:12)——并且,他们既在爱里彼此联合,就分享彼此的恩赐和恩典(弗4:15-16林前12:7,12;3:21-23西2:19),并有义务履行公开和私下的这些本分,以促进他们内在和外在的共同益处(帖前5:11,14罗1:11-12,14约壹3:16-18加6:10)。

All saints that are united to Jesus Christ their head, by His Spirit and by faith, have fellowship with Him in His graces, sufferings, death, resurrection, and glory: and, being united to one another in love, they have communion in each other’s gifts and graces, and are obliged to the performance of such duties, public and private, as to conduce to their mutual good, both in the inward and outward man.

00:33:33二、凡认信的圣徒,都当在敬拜神和其他属灵的事奉上维持圣洁的团契和相通,以求彼此造就(来10:24-25徒2:42,46赛2:3林前11:20);也可以照着各自的能力和需要,在物质方面互相帮助。这种圣徒相通,应当照神所赐的机会,延及所有那些在各处求告主耶稣之名的人(约壹3:17林后8:9徒11:29-30;2:44-45)。

Saints by profession, are bound to maintain an holy fellowship and communion in the worship of God, and in performing such other spiritual services as tend to their mutual edification; as also in relieving each other in outward things, according to their several abilities and necessities. Which communion, as God offereth opportunity, is to be extended unto all those who, in every place, call upon the name of the Lord Jesus.

解读:

00:37:36三、圣徒与基督的这种相通,并不会使他们以任何方式分享神性的本质,也没有使他们在任何方面与基督等同——两者都是不虔敬、亵渎神的断言(西1:18-19林前8:6诗45:6-7来1:6-9约1:14;20:17)。圣徒之间的彼此相通,也不是剥夺或侵犯各人对自己的拥有物和占有物的所有权或实物(出20:15弗4:28徒5:4)。

This communion which the saints have with Christ, doth not make them in any wise partakers of the substance of the Godhead, or to be equal with Christ in any respect: either of which to affirm, is impious and blasphemous. Nor doth their communion one with another as saints, take away or infringe the title or property which each man hath in his goods and possessions.

解读:

第二十七章 论圣礼 Of the Sacraments


(第二十七-二十九章:圣礼)

一、圣礼是恩典之约的圣洁记号与印证(罗4:11创17:7,10-11),由神直接设立(太28:19林前11:23),代表基督和祂的恩惠,并确认我们在祂里面有分(罗6:3-4西2:12林前10:16;11:25-26加3:27):同时也将属教会的人与世上其他人明显区分(出12:48创34:14林前10:21);并严肃地要求他们照着祂的圣道、在基督里事奉祂(罗6:3-4加3:27彼前3:21林前10:16;5:7-8)。

Sacraments are holy signs and seals of the cov-enant of grace, immediately instituted by God, to represent Christ and His benefits, and to confirm our interest in Him: as also to put a visible difference between those that belong unto the church, and the rest of the world; and solemnly to engage them to the service of God in Christ, according to His Word.

解读:

  • 「圣礼 Sacrament」这个词并非源于圣经。浸信会认为这个词残留着罗马天主教的色彩,所以在1689年的信条中弃用该词,把洗礼和主的晚餐称为「ordinance」,中文译为「蒙恩之道」。但是,加尔文、其他早期改革宗神学家和本信条继续使用这个名称,有以下理由:
    1. 「Sacrament」源于拉丁文「Sacramentum」,早期的拉丁语信徒把「Sacramentum」与圣经中的希腊文「奥秘 musthvrion」视为同义词,所以把洗礼和主的晚餐称为圣礼,一部分原因是,属灵祝福与蒙恩之道的意义被掩盖在外在的表征和礼仪之下;另一部分原因是,当时受逼迫的基督徒参加圣礼时非常隐秘。
    2. 「Sacramentum」在词典中的意义是「新兵的宣誓」。当一名罗马士兵宣誓时,要承诺忠于招募他的将领。同样,当基督的精兵参与圣礼时,也要郑重承诺忠于我们救恩的元帅。
    3. 洗礼和主的晚餐与其他神所设立的蒙恩之道有所不同,应该用不同的名称来区别与讨论。
  • 圣礼的三个目的:
    1.  圣礼是恩典之约的圣洁记号和印证:作为记号,它生动地表征基督和祂恩典之约中的恩惠;作为印证,它并证实我们与基督有分:「并且他受了割礼的记号,作他未受割礼的时候因信称义的印证」(罗4:11)。
      • 主的晚餐:作为记号,它表征基督的死和祂的死所带来的恩惠(林前11:26)。作为印证,它证实我们同领基督的血与身体(林前10:16),与基督在属灵上联合与相通。
      • 洗礼:作为记号,它表征我们受了圣灵的洗、归入基督(林前12:13)。作为印证,它使我们在有形教会中的会员资格生效,也反映了我们在无形教会中的会员资格。
    2.  圣礼把属教会的人与世上其他人明显区分:洗礼是有形教会成员的标志(徒2:41),而主的晚餐就象就旧约的逾越节,只能向信徒开放(出12:48林前11:27-29)。
    3.  圣礼严肃地要求他们照着祂的圣道、在基督里事奉祂:受洗后的人「一举一动有新生的样式」(罗6:3,4),我们若守主的晚餐,就不应该「又吃鬼的筵席」(林前10:16,21)。守主的晚餐,是为了记念基督(林前11:25),这不仅仅只是想起基督为我们所作的一切,也包括爱祂、顺服祂、事奉祂,盼望祂的再来。

二、在每一个圣礼中,在记号和所表征的事物之间都有一种属灵的关系、或奥秘的联合;因此,其中一个的名称和功效可以归于另一个(创17:10太26:27-28林前10:16-18)。

There is in every sacrament a spiritual relation, or sacramental union, between the sign and the thing signified; whence it comes to pass that the names and effects of the one are attributed to the other.

解读:

三、正确施行圣礼时所显明的恩典,并非因为圣礼中的任何能力;圣礼的功效也不取决于施行者的虔诚或存心(罗2:28-29彼前3:21),而是取决于圣灵的运行(林前12:13)和设立圣礼的圣道,这圣道不但命令施行圣礼,而且应许按理领受者得恩惠(太26:26-28路22:19-20太28:19-20林前11:26)。

The grace which is exhibited in or by the sacraments, rightly used, is not conferred by any power in them; neither doth the efficacy of a sacrament depend upon the piety or intention of him that doth administer it, but upon the work of the Spirit, and the Word of institution, which contains, together with a precept authorizing the use thereof, a promise of benefit to worthy receivers.

解读:

四、我们的主基督在福音中所设立的圣礼只有两个,即洗礼和主的晚餐——两者都不可以让被合乎律法地设立的圣道仆人之外的任何人来施行(太28:19林前11:20,23;4:1弗4:11-12)。

There be only two sacraments ordained by Christ our Lord in the gospel, that is to say, baptism and the supper of the Lord: neither or which may be dispensed by any but a minister of the Word, lawfully ordained.

解读:

五、旧约的圣礼就所表征和显明的属灵事物而言,在本质上与新约的圣礼相同(林前10:1-4罗4:11西2:11-12)。

The sacraments of the Old Testament, in regard of the spiritual things thereby signified and exhibited, were, for substance, the same with those of the New.

解读:

第二十八章 论洗礼 Of Baptism


(第二十七-二十九章:圣礼)

一、洗礼是由耶稣基督设立的新约圣礼(太28:19),不仅是为了庄严地接纳受洗者进入有形的教会(林前12:13加3:27-28),而且对他来说是恩典之约(罗4:11西2:11-12)、归入基督(加3:27罗6:5)、重生(约3:5多3:5)、罪得赦免(可1:4徒2:38;22:16)、借着耶稣基督将自己奉献给神、行事为人有新生的样式(罗6:3-4)的记号和印证——基督亲自指定这圣礼在祂的教会中持续施行,直到世界的末了(太28:19-20)。

Baptism is a sacrament of the New Testament, ordained by Jesus Christ, not only for the solemn admission of the party baptized into the visible church, but also to be unto him a sign and seal of the covenant of grace, of his ingrafting into Christ, of regeneration, of remission of sins, and of his giving up unto God, through Jesus Christ, to walk in newness of life: which sacrament is, by Christ’s own appointment, to be continued in His church until the end of the world.

解读:

二、这圣礼所用的外表物质是水,由合乎律法地蒙召的福音仆人用水,奉父、子、圣灵的名给受洗者施洗(徒10:47;8:36,38太28:19)。

The outward element to be used in the sacrament is water, wherewith the party is to be baptized in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost, by a minister of the gospel, lawfully called thereunto.

解读:

三、将人浸入水中,并非必要;在人身上浇水或洒水,也是正确施行的洗礼(来9:10,13,19,21可7:2-4路11:38)。

Dipping of the person into the water is not necessary; but baptism is rightly administered by pouring or sprinkling water upon the person.

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四、不仅那些实际认信并顺服基督的人(徒2:41;8:12-13;16:14-15),而且凡是父母双方或一方为信徒的婴孩也应受洗(创17:7-14加3:9,14西2:11-12徒2:38-39罗4:11-12林前7:14太19:13可10:13-16路18:15-17太28:19林前7:14)。

Not only those that do actually profess faith in and obedience unto Christ, but also the infants of one or both believing parents are to be baptized.

解读:

五、虽然藐视或忽略这条例是一种大罪(创17:14太28:19徒2:38路7:30),但恩典与拯救并非不可分割地依附于它,以致没有它就无人能重生或得救(罗4:11徒10:2,4,22,31,45,47),或者凡受过洗者都毫无疑问地重生了(徒8:13,23)。

Although it be a great sin to contemn or neglect this ordinance, yet grace and salvation are not so inseparably annexed unto it as that no person can be regenerated or saved without it, or that all that are baptized are undoubtedly regenerated.

解读:

六、洗礼的功效并不维系于施行的那一刻(约3:5,8);但尽管如此,通过正确地使用这一条例,圣灵将根据神旨意中的计划、在祂指定的时候,不但将所应许的恩典提供给他们,而且真正显明和赐给那些(无论老幼)应得此恩典的人(罗6:3-6加3:27彼前3:21徒2:38,41)。

The efficacy of baptism is not tied to that moment of time wherein it is administered; yet, notwithstanding, by the right use of this ordinance, the grace promised is not only offered, but really exhibited and conferred by the Holy Ghost, to such (whether of age or infants) as that grace belongeth unto, according to the counsel of God’s own will, in His appointed time.

解读:

七、洗礼的圣礼对于任何人都只施行一次(罗6:3-11)。

The sacrament of baptism is but once to be administered to any person.

解读:

第二十九章 论主的晚餐 Of the Lord’s Supper


(第二十七-二十九章:圣礼)

一、我们的主耶稣在祂被卖的那一夜,设立了祂的身体和血的圣礼,称为主的晚餐,应当在祂的教会中遵守,直到世界的末了;为了永远记念祂在祂的死中献自己为祭,印证真信徒在其中得着所有恩惠,在祂里面得着属灵的滋养和生长,使他们进一步委身和履行向祂当尽的本分;也是作为祂奥秘身体之肢体的信徒与祂交通、也彼此相通的纽带和保证(林前11:23-26;10:16-17,21;12:13)。

Our Lord Jesus, in the night wherein He was betrayed, instituted the sacrament of His body and blood, called the Lord’s Supper, to be observed in His church unto the end of the world; for the perpetual remembrance of the sacrifice of Himself in His death, the sealing all benefits thereof unto true believers, their spiritual nourishment and growth in Him, their further engagement in and to all duties which they owe unto Him; and to be a bond and pledge of their communion with Him, and with each other, as members of His mystical body.

解读:

二、在这圣礼中,基督并没有被献给祂的父,也没有为赦免活人或死人的罪而献上任何真正的祭物(来9:22,25-26,28;10:10-14),而是纪念祂在十字架上一次而永远地献上祂自己,并为此向神献上一切可能的赞美作为属灵的祭(林前11:24-26太26:26-27路22:19-20);因此,天主教所谓的弥撒祭,对于基督那唯一的献祭,即祂为选民的一切罪所献的唯一挽回祭,是最可憎的侮辱(来7:23-24,27;10:11-12,14,18)。

In this sacrament Christ is not offered up to His Father, nor any real sacrifice made at all for remission of sins of the quick or dead, but a commemoration of that one offering up of Himself, by Himself, upon the cross, once for all, and a spiritual oblation of all possible praise unto God for the same; so that the popish sacrifice of the mass, as they call it, is most abominably injurious to Christ’s one only sacrifice, the alone propitiation for all the sins of the elect.

解读:

三、主耶稣在这条例中,指定祂的仆人们向人宣告祂设立此礼的话语,祷告,祝福圣礼元素饼和酒、从而使它们从普通的用途分别为圣洁的用途;拿起饼来擘开,拿起杯来,然后(他们自己也领受)将两者都交给领受者(太26:26-28可14:22-24路22:19-20林前10:16-17;11:23-27);但不可分给未出席聚会的人(徒20:7林前11:20)。

The Lord Jesus hath, in this ordinance, appointed His ministers to declare His word of institution to the people, to pray, and bless the elements of bread and wine, and thereby to set them apart from a common to an holy use; and to take and break the bread, to take the cup, and (they communicating also themselves) to give both to the communicants; but to none who are not then present in the congregation.

解读:

四、私人弥撒,即从神甫或任何其他人单独领受这圣礼(林前10:16);同样,拒绝将杯分给信徒(太26:27-28可14:23林前11:25-29),崇拜圣礼元素,举起它们,或捧着游行膜拜,以敬虔之名而保存它们,都与这圣礼的本质和基督设立的宗旨背道而驰(太15:9)。

Private masses, or receiving this sacrament by a priest, or any other, alone; as likewise the denial of the cup to the people; worshipping the elements, the lifting them up, or carrying them about for adoration, and the reserving them for any pretended religious use, are all contrary to the nature of this sacrament, and to the institution of Christ.

解读:

五、这圣礼中的外在元素,经过合适地分别出来供基督所定的用途,与被钉十字架的基督有着如此的关系,以致于它们有时可以被真实地、但仅仅在圣礼的意义上,用它们所代表的事物的名称来称呼,即基督的身体和血(太26:26-28);尽管如此,它们在本质和性质上仍然和以前一样,实实在在只是饼和酒(林前11:26-28太26:29)。

The outward elements in this sacrament, duly set apart to the uses ordained by Christ, have such relation to Him crucified, as that truly, yet sacramentally only, they are sometimes called by the name of the things they represent, to wit, the body and blood of Christ; albeit, in substance and nature, they still remain truly, and only, bread and wine, as they were before.

六、主张通过神甫祝谢,或任何其他方法,将饼和酒的本质转变为基督的身体与血的本质的教义(通称为化质说),不仅与圣经相悖,且违反常识和理性;颠覆了圣礼的性质,过去和现在都是造成各种迷信,甚至严重的偶像崇拜的原因(徒3:21林前11:24-26路24:6,39)。

That doctrine which maintains a change of the substance of bread and wine, into the substance of Christ’s body and blood (commonly called transubstantiation) by consecration of a priest, or by any other way, is repugnant, not to Scripture alone, but even to common-sense and reason; overthroweth the nature of the sacrament; and hath been, and is, the cause of manifold superstitions, yea, of gross idolatries.

解读:

七、那按理领受者在外在领受此礼的有形元素时(林前11:28),也凭信心在内心真正地、确实地,但不是在物质和肉体上、而是在属灵上,领受并享用被钉十字架的基督,以及祂受死的一切恩惠——基督的身体和血不是物质地、或肉体地在饼和酒之中、之旁或之下;而是真实地、但属灵地临到领受此礼的信徒的信心中,正如元素本身呈现给他们的外在感官一样(林前10:16,3-4)。

Worthy receivers, outwardly partaking of the visible elements in this sacrament, do then also inwardly by faith, really and indeed, yet not carnally and corporally, but spiritually, receive and feed upon Christ crucified, and all benefits of His death: the body and blood of Christ being then not corporally or carnally in, with, or under the bread and wine; yet as really, but spiritually, present to the faith of believers in that ordinance, as the elements themselves are to their outward senses.

解读:

八、无知和邪恶的人纵然在这圣礼中领受了外在的元素,也不能领受其中所表征的事物;但由于他们不按理领受,乃是干犯主的身和血,就定了自己的罪。因此,一切无知和不敬虔的人,因为不配享受与祂相交,所以他们不配来到主的桌前;若他们仍然如此参与这些圣洁的奥秘(林前11:27-29林后6:14-16林前10:21)、或被允许参与(林前5:6-7,13帖后3:6,14-15太7:6),一定会大大得罪基督。

Although ignorant and wicked men receive the outward elements in this sacrament, yet they receive not the thing signified thereby; but by their unworthy coming thereunto are guilty of the body and blood of the Lord, to their own damnation. Wherefore all ignorant and ungodly persons, as they are unfit to enjoy communion with Him, so are they unworthy of the Lord’s table, and cannot, without great sin against Christ, while they remain such, partake of these holy mysteries, or be admitted thereunto.

解读:

第三十章 论教会的惩戒 Of Church Censures


(第三十-三十一章:教会的惩戒和治理)

一、主耶稣作为祂教会的君王和元首,已经把治理权交在教会的治理者手中,他们有别于民事官员(赛9:6-7西1:18提前5:17帖前5:12徒20:17,28来13:7,17,24弗4:11-12林前12:28太28:18-20约18:36)。

The Lord Jesus, as king and head of His church, hath therein appointed a government in the hand of church officers, distinct from the civil magistrate.

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二、天国的钥匙既被交托给这些治理者,他们凭此就有权分别不免去或赦免罪,通过圣道和惩戒,向不悔改的人关闭天国;并在必要时,借着福音的职事和惩戒的撤销,向悔改的罪人敞开大门(太16:19;18:17-18约20:21-23林后2:6-8)。

To these officers the keys of the kingdom of heaven are committed, by virtue whereof they have power respectively to retain and remit sins, to shut that kingdom against the impenitent, both by the Word and censures; and to open it unto penitent sinners, by the ministry of the gospel, and by absolution from censures, as occasion shall require.

解读:

三、教会的惩戒是必要的——为了挽回和得着犯罪的弟兄;阻止其他人犯类似的罪;除去可能感染全团的酵;维护基督的尊荣和对福音的圣洁认信;避免因他们任凭恶誉昭彰和刚愎的犯罪者亵渎神的圣约和约的印记,导致神的震怒可能公义地临到教会(林前5:1-13提前5:20太7:6提前1:20林前11:27-34犹23)。

Church censures are necessary for the reclaiming and gaining of offending brethren; for deterring of others from like offenses; for purging out of that leaven which might infect the whole lump; for vindicating the honor of Christ, and the holy profession of the gospel; and for preventing the wrath of God, which might justly fall upon the church, if they should suffer His covenant, and the seals thereof, to be profaned by notorious and obstinate offenders.

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四、为了更好地达到这些目的,教会的治理者应当根据犯罪的性质和此人的过失,予以警戒、暂停主的晚餐,或逐出教会(帖前5:12帖后3:6,14-15林前5:4-5,13太18:17多3:10)。

For the better attaining of these ends, the officers of the church are to proceed by admonition, suspension from the sacrament of the Lord’s Supper for a season, and by excommunication from the church, according to the nature of the crime, and demerit of the person.

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第三十一章 论总会和议会 Of Synods and Councils


(第三十-三十一章:教会的惩戒和治理)

一、为了更好的治理和进一步造就教会,应该有通常称为总会或议会的聚会(徒15:2,4,6)——各教会的监督和其他治理者,凭着他们的职分,以及基督所赋予他们为了造就、而非毁坏的权柄,有权成立这种聚会(徒15:1-35),并在他们认为对教会有益的时候定期召开(徒15:1-35;20:17)。

For the better government and further edification of the church, there ought to be such assemblies as are commonly called synods or councils: and it belongeth to the overseers and other rulers of the particular churches, by virtue of their office, and the power which Christ hath given them for edification and not for destruction, to appoint such assemblies; and to convene together in them, as often as they shall judge it expedient for the good of the church.

解读:

二、总会和议会才有权决定信仰的争论和良心的事项;制定规则和指示,以便更好地安排对神的公共敬拜和教会的治理;接受治理失当的投诉,并权威性地作出裁决——这些决议和裁决,若符合神的道,应当恭敬顺服地接受,不仅因为它们与圣道一致,而且因为制定它们所依据的权柄是神的命令,指定于祂的圣道中(徒15:15,19,24,27-31;16:4太18:17-20)。

It belongeth to synods and councils, ministerially, to determine controversies of faith, and cases of conscience; to set down rules and directions for the better ordering of the public worship of God, and government of His church; to receive complaints in cases of maladministration, and authoritatively to determine the same: which decrees and determinations, if consonant to the Word of God, are to be received with reverence and submission, not only for their agreement with the Word, but also for the power whereby they are made, as being an ordinance of God, appointed thereunto in His Word.

解读:

三、自从使徒时代以来,所有的总会或议会,无论是全体的、还是地方性的,都有可能犯错误,而且有许多已经犯错;因此,不可将它们的规定当作信仰或行为的准则,而应作为两者的辅助(弗2:20徒17:11林前2:5林后1:24赛8:19-20太15:9)。

All synods or councils since the apostles’ times, whether general or particular, may err, and many have erred; therefore they are not to be made the rule of faith or practice, but to be used as a help in both.

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四、总会和议会只处理或总结教会的事务——不得干预涉及国家的民事事务,除非在特殊情况下,通过谦卑请愿的方式;或应民事官员的要求,为满足良心而提出忠告(路12:13-14约18:36太22 :21)。

Synods and councils are to handle or conclude nothing but that which is ecclesiastical: and are not to intermeddle with civil affairs which concern the commonwealth, unless by way of humble petition in cases extraordinary; or by way of advice for satisfaction of conscience, if they be thereunto required by the civil magistrate.

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第三十二章 论人死后的情况和死人复活 Of the State of Man after Death, and of the Resurrection of the Dead


(第三十二-三十三章:末世论)

一、人的身体死后归于尘土,而见朽坏(创3:19徒13:36);但他们的灵魂(既不死也不睡)拥有不朽的本质,立刻回到赐他们的神那里(路23:43传12:7)。义人的灵魂那时将被全然成圣,被接入至高之天,在光明和荣耀中得见神的面,等候他们的身体完全得赎(来12:23林后5:1,6,8腓1:23徒3:21弗4:10罗8:23);恶人的灵魂则被扔进地狱,留在痛苦和全然的黑暗中,等候那大日的审判(路16:23-24徒1:25犹1:6-7彼前3:19)。除了这两个地方,圣经并不承认离开身体的灵魂还别有所归。

The bodies of men, after death, return to dust, and see corruption; but their souls (which neither die nor sleep), having an immortal subsistence, immediately return to God who gave them. The souls of the righteous, being then made perfect in holiness, are received into the highest heavens, where they behold the face of God in light and glory, waiting for the full redemption of their bodies; and the souls of the wicked are cast into hell, where they remain in torments and utter darkness, reserved to the judgment of the great day. Besides these two places for souls separated from their bodies, the Scripture acknowledgeth none.

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二、在末日,那些还活着的人不会死,而是要被改变(帖前4:17林前15:51-52)——所有死去的人都将复活,带着原来的身体、而不是另一个身体,虽然性质不同,但将与他们的灵魂再度结合、直到永远(约5:25-29徒24:15伯19:26-27但12:2林前15:42-44)。

At the last day, such as are found alive shall not die, but be changed: and all the dead shall be raised up with the self-same bodies, and none other, although with different qualities, which shall be united again to their souls forever.

三、不义之人的身体,将因基督的大能复活受羞辱;义人的身体,将借着祂的灵复活得荣耀,被造成与祂自己荣耀的身体相似(徒24:15约5:28-29林前15:43腓3:21)。

The bodies of the unjust shall, by the power of Christ, be raised to dishonor; the bodies of the just, by His Spirit, unto honor, and be made conformable to His own glorious body.

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第三十三章 论最后审判 Of the Last Judgment


(第三十二-三十三章:末世论)

一、神已经指定一日,要借着耶稣基督按公义审判世界(徒17:31),父将一切权柄和审判都赐给了祂(约5:22,27)。当那日,不但背叛的天使要受审判(犹1:6彼后2:4),同样,凡在地上活过的人,都要在基督的审判台前显露出来,为自己的思想、言语和行为交帐;也照着他们在肉身所行的,无论善恶都要受报(林后5:10传12:14罗2:16;14:10,12太12:36-37)。

God hath appointed a day, wherein He will judge the world in righteousness by Jesus Christ, to whom all power and judgment is given of the Father. In which day, not only the apostate angels shall be judged; but likewise all persons, that have lived upon earth, shall appear before the tribunal of Christ, to give an account of their thoughts, words, and deeds; and to receive according to what they have done in the body, whether good or evil.

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二、神指定此日的目的,是要在选民的永恒救赎中彰显祂怜悯的荣耀;又在邪恶悖逆的堕落者的刑罚上彰显祂的公义。因为那时义人要进入永恒的生命,领受从主而来满足的喜乐和愉悦——但那不认识神、不听从耶稣基督福音的恶人,必被扔进永恒的痛苦,离开主的面和祂权能的荣光,遭受永远毁灭的刑罚(太25:31-46罗2:5-6;9:22-23太25:21徒3:19帖后1:7-10可9:48)。

The end of God’s appointing this day, is for the manifestation of the glory of His mercy in the eternal salvation of the elect; and of His justice in the damnation of the reprobate, who are wicked and disobedient. For then shall the righteous go into everlasting life, and receive that fullness of joy and refreshing which shall come from the presence of the Lord: but the wicked, who know not God, and obey not the gospel of Jesus Christ, shall be cast into eternal torments, and punished with everlasting destruction from the presence of the Lord, and from the glory of His power.

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三、正如基督要我们确信必有一个审判的日子,既是为了阻止所有的人犯罪,也是为了让敬虔者在逆境中得着更大的安慰(彼后3:11,14林后5:10-11帖后1:5-7路21:27-28罗8:23-25)——同样,祂也不让人知道那日子,好叫他们因为不知道主何时来,可以摆脱一切属肉体的安全感,时常警醒;并且可以随时准备好说,主耶稣啊,愿祢快来(太24:36,42-44可13:35-37路12:35-36启22:20)。阿们。

As Christ would have us to be certainly persuaded that there shall be a day of judgment, both to deter all men from sin, and for the greater consolation of the godly in their adversity: so will He have that day unknown to men, that they may shake off all carnal security, and be always watchful, because they know not at what hour the Lord will come; and may be ever prepared to say, Come, Lord Jesus, come quickly. Amen.

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